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Каталог оборонних продуктів — Сторінка 151

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122 mm Illuminating S-463
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
Egypt
122 mm Illuminating S-463
Armament 122 mm Howitzer M1938 ( M-30 ); NORINCO 122 mm Howitzer Type 54-1 ; NORINCO 122 mm Howitzer Type 83; 122 mm Howitzer D-30 ; NORINCO 122 mm Howitzer D-30 ; 122 mm Howitzer D-30 RH M94 ; 122 mm Howitzer D-30J ; Factory 100 D-30-M; 122 mm Saddam Howitzer; Hadid 122 mm Howitzer HM40. NORINCO 122 mm Self-propelled Howitzer Type 54 and 54-1; NORINCO 122 mm Self-propelled Howitzer Type 85 ; 122 mm Self-propelled Howitzer M-1974 ( 2S1 ); Model 89 122 mm Self-propelled Howitzer ; Hadid 122 mm Self-propelled Howitzer HM51 ( Thunder 1 ). Development Originally developed for use with the 122 mm Howitzer M1938 ( M-30 ), the 122 mm Illuminating S-463 can also be used with 122 mm gun-howitzers of the D-30 and self-propelled M-1974 ( 2S1 - also known as the SO-122 or Gvozdika) type. Essentially similar 122 mm carrier projectiles containing propaganda leaflets are known as the 122 mm G-462 and G-463. These remain available from SN ROMARM SA of Romania . Description The 122 mm Illuminating S-463 is a separate loading round, with the projectile and cartridge case loaded separately so that, where appropriate, the propellant charges can be altered to suit the fire mission. The body of the 122 mm Illuminating S-463 projectile is forged steel with a relatively short streamlined ogive, a pronounced bourrelet and a distinct boat tail. There is a single copper drive band just under 21 mm wide. The main recognition of the S-463 compared with other 122 mm projectiles is the long T-7 mechanical time fuze threaded into the fuze cavity in the nose. The fuze is normally kept protected by a conical cover until it is required for setting. The T-7 mechanical time fuze is set to function as the 122 mm Illuminating S-463 projectile reaches a height of about 450 m above the target area. As the fuze functions it ignites a 20 g expulsion charge in a container inside the hollow ogive. The resultant pressure forces the illuminating body and its suspension parachute from the projectile, forcing off the base in the process, after retaining shear pins have been broken. The expulsion charge also ignites the illuminating compound. The illuminating body weighs 1 kg and burns for up to 25 seconds, producing white light with an intensity of 450,000 candela, as it descends. Rate of descent of the illuminating body is a maximum of 10 m/s. The 122 mm Howitzer M1938 ( M-30 ) ammunition system uses a `multisection' system of propelling charges. The total weight of the nitrocellulose powder charges is 2.2 kg, made from a system of nine bags. The basic charge, Charge 8, is a single-base charge bag. The system is built up until the Charge 1 stage is reached which is formed by the base charge bag, four equal section bag charges in a lower layer and three equal section bag charges in an upper layer. The Full Charge is produced by adding one further bag charge to the upper layer, making a total of nine bags in all, which are all held in place by a fibre cup. They are all contained in a brass cartridge case, 284 mm long and weighing 3.25 kg, with a brass percussion primer housing, 25 mm long, threaded into the centre of the base. It is possible to use a cartridge case issued with the Full Charge ready packed and with no facility to alter the charges. This charge system produces a range of muzzle velocities ranging from 205 m/s at the lower end (minimum range 5,350 m) up to the 515 m/s (maximum range 11,800 m) produced by the Full Charge. However, the maximum airburst/ejection range is 11,000 m. When the S-463 is fired from the 122 mm Howitzer D-30 or self-propelled 2S1 a longer brass or lacquered steel cartridge case (length 447 mm, weight (steel) 3.66 kg) is involved. This can contain nitrocellulose powder in a `Reduced Charge' form, containing five variable charge bags weighing a total of 2.43 kg, or a single prepacked Full Charge weighing 3.8 kg. The muzzle velocity using the Full Charge is 680 to 690 m/s and the maximum range 17,360 m. The maximum muzzle velocity using the `Reduced Charge' cartridge is 565 m/s and maximum range 15,300 m. Maximum airburst/ejection range will be less than these two figures. Authorised fuzes MT T-7 Equivalent rounds CHINA , PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC MT CHINA Manufacturer China North Industries Corporation (NORINCO) Type: 122 mm Illuminating Type 54 Description: Intended primarily for use with 122 mm Type 54 and Type 54-1. Uses Shi-2 time fuze. Muzzle velocity given as 496 m/s. Otherwise standard specifications Manufacturer China North Industries Corporation (NORINCO) Type: 122 mm Illuminating for D-30 Description: Intended primarily for use with 122 mm towed D-30 series and 2S1 self-propelled howitzers. Projectile weight is 21 kg and maximum projectile length 573 mm. The magnesium, sodium nitrate and binder illuminating body can produce 660,000 candela of yellow light for at least 60 seconds, descending at a rate of 7 m/s. Muzzle velocity is 683 m/s and maximum deployed range 14,500 m (minimum 4,000 m). Fitted with MT Shi-1 fuze EGYPT Manufacturer Heliopolis Industry for Chemical Industries (F.81) Type: 122 mm Illuminating Description: Intended primarily for use with 122 mm Howitzer M1939 ( M-30 ). Complete round weighs 29.804 kg and projectile 21.76 kg. Maximum range at muzzle velocity of 515 m/s is 11,800 m. Fitted with T-7 fuze. Produces 500,000 candela. May no longer be in production IRAN Manufacturer Defence Industries Organisation, Ammunition Group Type: 122 mm Illuminating Description: Intended primarily for use with 122 mm Howitzer D-30 . Projectile weight given as 20.5 kg ROMANIA Manufacturer SN ROMARM SA Type: 122 mm Illuminating Description: Intended for use with D-30 . Produces 800,000 candela. Also available is a 122 mm Propaganda projectile for firing from M-30 series howitzer; it carries 1 kg of leafletsЧитати далі
130 mm Smoke DTs-1
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
Egypt
130 mm Smoke DTs-1
Armament 130 mm Field Gun M-46 ; 130 mm Field Gun Type 59 and Type 59-1; Factory 100 M59-1M; 130 mm Gun Model 1982 . 130 mm Self-propelled Gun (Catapult); NORINCO 130 mm Self-propelled Gun. Development The 130 mm Smoke DTs-1 projectile is described as a Target Marker Smoke projectile and is entirely orthodox in construction and operation, unlike its Chinese NORINCO equivalent which relies on a system of 24 smoke canisters released on target. As far as can be determined, the 130 mm Smoke DTs-1 is no longer in production other than in Egypt , Iran and (possibly) Iraq , although stocks may remain in service with many 130 mm Field Gun M-46 users. The former Soviet Union developed at least two types of 130 mm Chemical projectile based on the 130 mm Smoke DTs-1. One projectile contained 1.6 kg of liquid GB (Sarin) scattered by a TNT burster charge after the nose-mounted impact fuze functioned. The other 130 mm Chemical projectile had a nose-mounted proximity fuze and contained 1.4 kg of VX. Both projectiles weighed 33.4 kg. Any remaining projectiles are scheduled for destruction. A 130 mm Chemical projectile filled with Mustard (H) agent and based on the standard 130 mm DTs-1 Smoke projectile, was developed by Iraq at the Al Muthanna State Establishment, but it did not reach the full production stage. Description The 130 mm Smoke DTs-1 is a separate loading munition, allowing the variable charges contained in a brass cartridge case to be varied to suit any particular fire mission. The projectile is forged steel and uses a conventional long-nosed streamlined outline with a nose fuze. There are two copper drive bands, each 25.4 mm wide and spaced 8.6 mm apart, encircling the body close to the flat base, which has a very slight boat-tailed profile. The filling is 3.23 kg of White Phosphorus (WP). When the all-steel point-detonating V-429 nose fuze strikes the ground, it ignites an RDX and Tetryl bursting charge in a tubular housing extending some two-thirds of the way down the projectile cavity. This breaks open the body walls and releases the white phosphorus which comes into contact with the atmosphere clouds and grey/white smoke is produced. The 70:30 drawn brass cartridge case is issued in two versions; Full Charge and Reduced propellant load. The Full Charge contains 13.5 kg of propellant loaded in a lower and upper bag, together with 2.5 kg of loose propellant in bundled stick form. An increment completes the Full Charge while removal of this increment creates Charge 1. The Reduced Charge weighs 6.75 kg and is supplied in a separate cartridge case. The top charge in the Reduced category is formed using the full complement of a base charge and two equal sized bags, forming Charge 2. Removal of one of the equal bags creates Charge 3 while removal of both equal bags, leaving only the base charge, creates Charge 4. A percussion primer is pressed into the cartridge case base to ignite both Full and Reduced propellant loads. The Full Charge produces a muzzle velocity of 930 m/s and provides a maximum range of 27,490 m. The Reduced charge, Charge 2, produces a muzzle velocity of 705 m/s and a range of 19,130 m. Authorised fuzes PD V-429 Equivalent rounds CHINA , PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC CHINA Manufacturer China North Industries Corporation (NORINCO) Type: 130 mm Smoke WP Type 59 Description: Developed by NORINCO for the 130 mm Type 59-1 gun, this projectile uses 24 smoke canisters containing White Phosphorus (WP) with a minimum burning time of 200 seconds. The projectile weighs 32.47 kg and is 663 mm long. Muzzle velocity is 935 m/s and maximum range 27,000 m. Fitted with a SHI-1 fuze. NORINCO also produce a 130 mm Smoke WP projectile, with a unitary WP payload, weighing 33.4 kg and with a PD Liu-5 fuze. It can emit smoke for at least 48 seconds and create a smoke cloud 50 m wide EGYPT Manufacturer Heliopolis Company for Chemical Industries (F.81) Type: 130 mm M/46 Smoke Description: Complete round weighs 58.7 kg and the projectile 33.4 kg. Filled with 3.35 kg of White Phosphorus (WP). Fitted with AU-18 fuze IRAN Manufacturer Defence Industries Organisation, Ammunition Group Type: 130 mm Smoke Description: Projectile weight given as 32.5 kg. Otherwise standard specifications IRAQ Manufacturer State factories Type: 130 mm Smoke Description: Standard specifications. May no longer be in production Manufacturer State factories Type: 130 mm Chemical Description: A 130 mm Chemical projectile containing a Mustard (H) agent was developed at the Al Muthanna State Establishment, 100 km to the northwest of Baghdad. This projectile was developed to the preproduction stage but was not mass produced. Any remaining examples are scheduled for destructionЧитати далі
130 mm Illuminating SP-46
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
China
130 mm Illuminating SP-46
Armament 130 mm Field Gun M-46 ; 130 mm Field Gun Type 59 and Type 59-1; Factory 100 M59-1M; 130 mm Gun Model 1982 . 130 mm Self-propelled Gun (Catapult); NORINCO 130 mm Self-propelled Gun. Development The 130 mm Illuminating SP-46 projectile is little changed from when it was introduced into service at the same time as the 130 mm Field Gun M-46 during the early 1950s. It has been produced with some slight variations, for example some early projectiles used two drive bands, but it is no longer manufactured in the RFAS. However, a variant is still manufactured by NORINCO of China for the 130 mm Type 59-1 gun. Description The body of the 130 mm Illuminating SP-46 is forged steel and it is shorter than other 130 mm projectiles. The nose is long and streamlined and the bourrelet is more pronounced than on other 130 mm projectiles. A single copper driving band, 23.87 mm wide, encircles the body. The base is flat and there is no boat tail. The projectile baseplate is held in place by two shear pins and the base has three balancing holes, creating an imbalance to ensure a clean removal from the projectile rear when required. The nose fuze cavity is occupied by an aluminium TM-16L or VM-60 time fuze. When the fuze functions, ideally 700 m over the target area, it ignites a 780 g black powder ejector charge in a light metal container located under the fuze well. The resultant internal pressures force down on the contents to push off the projectile base and eject the illuminating flare, which is also ignited by the ejector charge. Once the flare is out of the projectile body a single main parachute deploys to stabilise the flare canister and descend at a rate of approximately 10 m/s. The flare contains 2.38 kg of a magnesium-based illuminating composition which creates a white light with an intensity of 500,000 candela for up to 40 seconds. The 70:30 drawn brass cartridge case is issued in two versions; Full Charge and Reduced propellant load. Full Charge contains 13.5 kg of propellant loaded in a lower and upper bag, together with 2.5 kg of loose propellant in bundled stick form. An increment completes the Full Charge while removal of this increment creates Charge 1. The Reduced Charge weighs 6.75 kg and is supplied in a separate cartridge case. The top charge in the Reduced category is formed using the full complement of a base charge and two equal sized bags, forming Charge 2. Removal of one of the equal bags creates Charge 3 while removal of both equal bags, leaving only the base charge, creates Charge 4. A percussion primer is pressed into the cartridge case base to ignite both Full and Reduced propellant loads. The Full Charge produces a muzzle velocity of 930 m/s and provides a maximum range of 27,490 m. The maximum range at which the flare can be deployed is approximately 25,000 m, and the minimum is about 6,000 m. Authorised fuzes MT TM-16L or VM-60 Equivalent rounds CHINA , PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC CHINA Manufacturer China North Industries Corporation (NORINCO) Type: 130 mm Illuminating Type 59 Description: Developed by NORINCO for the 130 mm Type 59-1 gun, this projectile is based on the 130 mm FRAG-HE body and is therefore longer (663 mm) than the 130 mm Illuminating SP-46, with two copper drive bands. Weight is 29.1 kg and the illuminating flare (magnesium, barium nitrate and binder) weighs 1.96 kg, burning for at least 40 seconds. Muzzle velocity given as 950 m/s and maximum range 24,500 m. Fitted with Shi-1 or MS-1 time fuze IRAN Manufacturer Defence Industries Organisation, Ammunition Group Type: 130 mm Illuminating Description: Projectile weight given as 32.5 kg. Otherwise standard specifications IRAQ Manufacturer State factories Type: 130 mm Illuminating Description: Apparently standard specifications. May no longer be in productionЧитати далі
155 mm extended range full-bore smoke WP
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
South Africa
155 mm extended range full-bore smoke WP
Armament Towed 155 mm howitzers: NORICUM GH N-45 ; CITEFA CALA 30/2; SRC International GC 45; NORINCO Type WA 021 and Type GM-45 ; Patria Vammas 155 GH 52 Howitzer; Giat Industries TR and 155/52 guns and M114F Howitzer; FH-70 ; Soltam Model 839P, 845P, Upgraded M-46 and M114S ; Otobreda 155/39; KH179 ; RDM M139 and M114/39 ; STK FH-88 and FH-2000; LIW G5; SITECSA 155/45 ST 012, M114 155/45 and M114 155/39; SANTA BARBARA SB 155/39 and 155/52 APU SBT-1 Howitzers; Bofors FH-77B ; Extended Range Gun ( Taiwan ); XM777 Lightweight Towed Howitzer; M46/84 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ). Self-propelled 155 mm howitzers: TAMSE VCA 155; NORINCO PLZ45 Self-propelled Gun-Howitzer; Giat Industries CAESAR 155/52; PzH 2000 ; Rheinmetall M109A3G and M44T ; Majnoon ( Iraq ); Soltam Rascal and Slammer; Otobreda Palmaria and M109L ; K9 Thunder ( South Korea ); ZTS ZUZANA ( Slovakia ); LIW G6; XT-69 ( Taiwan ); AS90 and Braveheart ; M109A4, M109A5 and M109A6 Paladin; XM2001/XM2002 Crusader AFAS. Development The 155 mm ERFB Smoke WP is a bursting projectile, developed alongside the 155 mm HE ERFB projectiles as they use what is virtually the same body. The 155 mm ERFB and ERFB-BB versions are produced in Europe by Eurometaal while those once produced in South Africa are now available on an `as required' basis. Chartered Ammunition Industries of Singapore also produce a 155 mm ERFB Smoke WP, as does the Austrian NORICUM. Description The 155 mm ERFB Smoke WP has the same general outline and overall dimensions as other 155 mm ERFB projectiles, and uses a one-piece high-grade steel body. The streamlined ogive reaches almost to the copper or gilding metal drive band and plastic obturator band close to the base. The drag reduction base unit is a steel component with an external cavity on the ERFB version while the base on the ERFB-BB is occupied by a steel base bleed unit. The fuze well at the nose is normally occupied by a lifting plug during storage, transport and handling. On the 155 mm Smoke WP versions of the ERFB, the fuze well takes the form of a steel adaptor screwed into the nose of the body at the base of which is threaded a steel or light-alloy burster tube running the entire length of the body interior. The burster tube contains an explosive, typically 234 g of Composition B5 which, when detonated by the functioning of the PD fuze (typically a PD M572), is sufficient to break open the steel casing of the projectile body dispersing the contents, typically 7.6 kg of WP. As the WP contacts the air it ignites to produce a dense cloud of white smoke which lasts for approximately 60 seconds. South African 155 mm ERFB projectiles may be converted in the field, to remove boat tails from ERFB projectiles and fit base bleed units to produce ERFB-BB projectiles. The process is carried out using a projectile clamping table. The same table can also be used to remove damaged obturators and fit new ones. The table can be folded flat and weighs 25 kg. To take full advantage of the range potential of 155 mm ERFB and ERFB-BB Smoke WP projectiles they are usually fired with high-energy charges, typically the NATO M3A1 (zones 3, 4 and 5), M4A2 (zones 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7), M119A1 (zone 8), M203 (zone 9) or the M11 (zone 10), the latter being restricted to 45 calibre barrels or longer. The propelling system for the LIW 155 mm G5 and G6 gun-howitzers originally involved a three-charge cloth bag system. This has been replaced by a modular system involving combustible cases, developed by SOMCHEM , with a built-in charge retaining device. The system may be used with ERFB and (above the basic Charge 2) ERFB-BB projectiles and all NATO 155 mm projectiles. The lowest charge for the Denel modular charge system is the Charge Propelling 155 mm Modular Charge 1 M51 . The combustible container for this charge is red and contains single-base granular propellant. The igniter consists of a combination of 20 g G12 gunpowder and 40 g CBI. The charge weighs approximately 2.3 kg, is 211 mm long and has a diameter of 164 mm. The next charge is the Charge Propelling 155 mm Modular Charge 2 M52 . The combustible case is blue and houses triple-base propellant cords. The diameter at the front of the case is reduced to allow it to friction fit into the rear of a Charge 2 increment (see below). The igniter consists of a combination of 20 g G12 gunpowder and 40 g CBI. The charge weighs approximately 5.6 kg, is 373 mm long and the diameter is 164 mm. This modular system continues with the Charge Propelling 155 mm Modular Increment M52 . One or two of these increments can be added to the normal Charge 2. Charge 2 plus one increment can be used with boat tailed ERFB and all NATO 155 mm projectiles. Charge 2 plus two increments can be used with ERFB, ERFB-BB and all NATO 155 mm projectiles. Each increment is contained in a green combustible case containing triple-base propellant cords. The igniter consists of 60 g of G12 gunpowder. The charge weighs approximately 4 kg, is 289 mm long and the diameter is 164 mm. The top charge of the modular system is the Charge Propelling 155 mm Modular Charge 3 M53 . The charge is contained in a purple (jacaranda) combustible case containing triple-base tubular propellant. The igniter consists of G12 gunpowder. The charge weighs approximately 17.1 kg, is 930 mm long and the diameter is 164 mm. All charges are ignited by the Tube Percussion M82 which contains 1.4 to 1.5 g of gunpowder. The tube is 49.37 mm long with a diameter over the rim of 15.24 mm. With this system the following ballistic performances can be achieved using a 45 calibre barrel: Charge 1 - MV 350 ±5 m/s - max range 9,100 m Charge 2 - MV 483 ±5 m/s - max range 13,400 m Charge 2 + 1 increment - MV 645 ±5 m/s - max range 19,000 m Charge 2 + 2 increments - MV 795 ±5 m/s - max range 25,400 m Charge 2 + 2 increments + BB - MV 789 ±5 m/s - max range 31,000 m Charge 3, standard shell - MV 897 ±5 m/s - max range 30,200 m Charge 3 + BB - MV 895 ±5 m/s - max range 39,000 m. This modular charge system has now been replaced by one involving up to six M62A1 combustible modular charges all with the same content and meeting the NATO Joint Ballistics MoU. The charges are produced by SOMCHEM and can be used with ordnance up to 52 calibres long. Other similar modular charge systems could be employed. One-piece Combustible Cartridge Cases (CCC) have been developed for use with 155 mm ERFB projectiles. A typical example is the C30 charge manufactured by Chartered Ammunition Industries of Singapore . The C30 contains 14 kg of triple-base propellant, is 770 mm long and has a diameter of 160 mm. It will provide a range of 30,000 m using a 39 calibre barrel and 40,000 m using a 45 calibre barrel. One further charge developed for use with 39 and 45 calibre barrels firing 155 mm ERFB projectiles is the Propelling Charge No 16 produced by Eurometaal NV of the Netherlands. This is a separate loading single-bag charge of single-base nitrocellulose CH21 propellant with a 50 g clean-burning igniter in a red cloth bag sewn onto the base. The charge incorporates a central igniter core and a flash reducer containing 250 g of potassium sulphate. A wear-reducing and decoppering liner are sewn to the inner surface of the bag. The complete charge weighs 13.12 kg of which 12.12 kg is the CH21 propellant. It is 764 mm long. A typical range for the 155 mm ERFB Smoke WP when fired from 45 calibre barrels is 30,000 m. When fired from 45-calibre barrels a typical 155 mm ERFB-BB Smoke WP projectile can reach 39,000 m. Authorised fuzes PD M557, M78 series, M572, M739 and Fuchs PD M841 MTSQ M564, M582A1 Prox M514 series, Fuchs M8513 Electronic NINA, ZELAR, Fuchs M8611 and so on Equivalent projectiles CHINA , PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC CHINA Manufacturer China North Industries Corporation (NORINCO) Type: 155 mm ERFB Smoke WP Description: Fitted with PD M739 fuze. Emits smoke for 55 to 65 seconds. Projectile weight is 46.5 kg and muzzle velocity 795.5 m/s. Maximum range given as 26,000 m (ERFB) NETHERLANDS Manufacturer Eurometaal NV Type: 155 mm ERFB and ERFB-BB Smoke WP Description: Specifications as text. Available for production. Propelling charge No 16 also produced SINGAPORE Manufacturer Chartered Ammunition Industries Type: 155 mm ERFB-HB-WP, ERFB-BB-WP Description: Standard specifications. C30 unitary CCC also produced. ERFB-HB-WP range from 39-calibre barrels given as 24,400 m. ERFB-BB-WP range from 39 calibre barrels given as 30,500 m SOUTH AFRICA Manufacturer Denel (Pty) Limited ( SWARTKLIP ) Type: 155 mm ERFB or ERFB-BB M1 WP Description: Specifications as text. Developed for LIW 155 mm G5 and G6 artillery systems. Production as required SWITZERLAND Manufacturer NORICUM Type: SEN-155 mm WP-Smoke Description: Marketed by T & T Technology Trading Limited. Weight with boat tail 48 kg and BB 50 kg. Fuzed PD M739 or ET DM 52Читати далі
155 mm extended range full-bore illuminating
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
South Africa
155 mm extended range full-bore illuminating
Armament Towed 155 mm howitzers: NORICUM GH N-45 ; CITEFA CALA 30/2; SRC International GC 45; NORINCO Type WA 021 and Type GM-45 ; Patria Vammas 155 GH 52 Howitzer; Giat Industries TR and 155/52 guns and M114F Howitzer; FH-70 ; Soltam Model 839P, 845P, Upgraded M-46 and M114S ; Otobreda 155/39; KH179 ; RDM M139 and M114/39 ; STK FH-88 and FH-2000; LIW G5; SITECSA 155/45 ST 012, M114 155/45 and M114 155/39; SANTA BARBARA SB 155/39 and 155/52 APU SBT-1 Howitzers; Bofors FH-77B ; Extended Range Gun ( Taiwan ); XM777 Lightweight Towed Howitzer; M46/84 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ). Self-propelled 155 mm howitzers: TAMSE VCA 155; NORINCO PLZ45 Self-propelled Gun-Howitzer; Giat Industries CAESAR 155/52; PzH 2000 ; Rheinmetall M109A3G and M44T ; Majnoon ( Iraq ); Soltam Rascal and Slammer; Otobreda Palmaria and M109L ; K9 Thunder ( South Korea ); ZTS ZUZANA ( Slovakia ); LIW G6; XT-69 ( Taiwan ); AS90 and Braveheart ; M109A4, M109A5 and M109A6 Paladin; XM2001/XM2002 Crusader AFAS. Development The 155 mm ERFB Illuminating projectiles are variants of the 155 mm ERFB Cargo projectile but contain a single parachute-suspended flare body, the output of which varies from manufacturer to manufacturer. For example, `European' 155 mm Illuminating projectiles produced by Eurometaal NV are claimed to produce 2 Mcd while South African projectiles produce a nominal 1 Mcd. During 1996, India placed a contract with Denel of South Africa for a total of 50,000 rounds of 155 mm ERFB ammunition. The contract was worth approximately Rs840 million (US$24.1 million) and included 5,000 Illuminating rounds at a reported price of US$800-900 each. Description While the outline of the 155 mm ERFB Illuminating projectile is the same as the 155 mm HE ERFB, the Illuminating projectile is manufactured in three parts. The main body is manufactured in two halves, with the aluminium forward section threading into the main forged steel body without disturbing the constant outline of the streamlined ogive. On the 155 mm ERFB Illuminating the base unit is a steel drag reduction boat tail component with a cavity. The 155 mm ERFB-BB Illuminating projectile base is closed by a Base Bleed (BB) unit. The hollow interior of the projectile body contains the flare body, the main parachute compressed into a light metal liner and a drogue parachute. These are all contained in a cylindrical light metal sleeve to assist smooth ejection. The nose of the projectile is normally occupied by a lifting plug but this is replaced by an MT, MTSQ or electronic fuze before firing. As the fuze functions it ignites an expulsion charge beneath the fuze body. As the expulsion charge detonates it also produces `spit back' through the hollow interior of the upper ogive and ignites a small pellet on an adaptor, part of an assembly screwed over the base of the flare body to form a top cover for the outer light metal sleeve. The pellet in its turn initiates a pyrotechnic delay, this burns as the internal pressures created by the expulsion charge push the contents downwards on the baseplate or base bleed unit to force it from the body. As the light metal sleeve and its contents emerge from the base, the drogue parachute deploys to ensure the rest of the sleeve assembly and its contents are pulled clear of the projectile body while at the same time providing an initial anti-spin and orientation function. After a short delay the pyrotechnic train reaches a black powder igniter pad, which detonates to initiate the magnesium-based flare composition and ejects the flare body and the main parachute from the sleeve assembly. The main parachute deploys and suspends the flare body as it starts to burn creating a wide area of illumination for a minimum of 90 seconds. South African 155 mm ERFB projectiles may be converted in the field, to remove boat tails from ERFB projectiles and fit base bleed units to produce ERFB-BB projectiles. The process is carried out using a projectile clamping table. The same table can also be used to remove damaged obturators and fit new ones. The table can be folded flat and weighs 25 kg. To take full advantage of the range potential of 155 mm ERFB and ERFB-BB Illuminating projectiles they are usually fired with high-energy charges, typically the NATO M3A1 (zones 3, 4 and 5), M4A2 (zones 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7), M119A1 (zone 8), M203 (zone 9) or the M11 (zone 10), the latter being restricted to 45 calibre or longer barrels. The propelling system for the LIW 155 mm G5 and G6 gun-howitzers originally involved a three-charge cloth bag system. This has been replaced by a modular system, developed by SOMCHEM , involving combustible cases with a built-in charge retaining device. The system may be used with ERFB and (above the basic Charge 2) ERFB-BB projectiles and all NATO 155 mm projectiles. The lowest charge for the Denel modular charge system is the Charge Propelling 155 mm Modular Charge 1 M51 . The combustible container for this charge is red and contains single-base granular propellant. The igniter is a combination of 20 g G12 gunpowder and 40 g CBI. The charge weighs approximately 2.3 kg, is 211 mm long and the diameter is 164 mm. The next charge is the Charge Propelling 155 mm Modular Charge 2 M52 . The combustible case is blue and houses triple-base propellant cords. The diameter at the front of the case is reduced to allow it to friction fit into the rear of a Charge 2 increment (see below). The igniter is a combination of 20 g G12 gunpowder and 40 g CBI. The charge weighs approximately 5.6 kg, is 373 mm long and has a diameter of 164 mm. This modular system continues with the Charge Propelling 155 mm Modular Increment M52 . One or two of these increments can be added to the normal Charge 2. Charge 2 plus one increment can be used with boat tailed ERFB and all NATO 155 mm projectiles. Charge 2 plus two increments can be used with ERFB, ERFB-BB and all NATO 155 mm projectiles. Each increment is contained in a green combustible case which consists of triple-base propellant cords. The igniter contains 60 g of G12 gunpowder. The charge weighs approximately 4 kg, is 289 mm long and has a diameter of 164 mm. The top charge of the modular system is the Charge Propelling 155 mm Modular Charge 3 M53 . The charge is contained in a purple (jacaranda) combustible case containing triple base tubular propellant. The igniter contains G12 gunpowder. The charge weighs approximately 17.1 kg, is 930 mm long and has a diameter of 164 mm. All charges are ignited by the Tube Percussion M82 containing 1.4 to 1.5 g of gunpowder. The tube is 49.37 mm long with a diameter over the rim of 15.24 mm. With this system the following ballistic performances can be achieved using a 45 calibre barrel: Charge 1 - MV 350 ±5 m/s - max range 9,100 m Charge 2 - MV 483 ±5 m/s - max range 13,400 m Charge 2 + 1 increment - MV 645 ±5 m/s - max range 19,000 m Charge 2 + 2 increments - MV 795 ±5 m/s - max range 25,400 m Charge 2 + 2 increments + BB - MV 789 ±5 m/s - max range 31,000 m Charge 3, standard shell - MV 897 ±5 m/s - max range 30,200 m Charge 3 + BB - MV 895 ±5 m/s - max range 39,000 m. This modular charge system has now been replaced by one involving up to six M62A1 combustible modular charges all with the same content and meeting the NATO Joint Ballistics MoU. The charges are produced by SOMCHEM and can be used with ordnance up to 52 calibres long. Other similar modular charge systems could be employed. A typical range for the 155 mm ERFB Illuminating projectile when fired from 45 calibre barrels is 30,000 m and a typical 155 mm ERFB-BB Illuminating projectile can reach 39,000 m. Authorised fuzes MTSQ M577 series Electronic NINA, ZELAR, Fuchs M8611 and so on Equivalent projectiles CHINA , PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC CHINA Manufacturer China North Industries (NORINCO) Type: 155 mm ERFB-BB Illuminating Description: Provides more than 1.3 Mcd for 80 seconds (yellow light). Maximum range 24,000 m and muzzle velocity 792 m/s (Zone 9). Projectile is 960 mm long and weight 45.8 kg. Fitted with MTSQ M577 fuze. A variant, which may be a later development, produces 1.15 Mcd for approximately 75 seconds while descending at a velocity of around 4.5 m/s; this version weighs 46.23 kg NETHERLANDS Manufacturer Eurometaal NV Type: 155 mm ERFB and ERFB-BB Illuminating Description: Specifications as text. Available for production. Propelling charge No 16 also produced SOUTH AFRICA Manufacturer Denel (Pty) Limited ( SWARTKLIP ) Type: Shell 155 mm Illuminating BE M1 Description: Specifications as text. Produced for LIW 155 mm G5 and G6 artillery systems and marketed by Denel SWITZERLAND Manufacturer NORICUM Type: SEN-155 mm Illuminating Description: Marketed by T & T Technology Trading Limited. Produces 2 Mcd for 90 seconds. Weight 48.5 kg and length 957 mmЧитати далі
85 mm HEAT-FS BK-2M
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
China
85 mm HEAT-FS BK-2M
Armament 85 mm Divisional Gun D-44 ; 85 mm Auxiliary-propelled Field Gun SD-44 ; 85 mm M1944 ZIS-S-53 tank gun; 85 mm Field Gun Type 56 ; 85 mm Field Gun M52 and M52/55 . Development First appearing in 1969, the 85 mm HEAT-FS BK-2 and BK-2M were the first of the Soviet HEAT-FS rounds to be issued. The BK-2M does not appear to have been distributed on a large scale within the former Soviet armed forces and is apparently no longer in service with them. This round is still available from Romania where it has been manufactured by ROMARM, although series production is no longer carried out. A generally similar round is produced in China by NORINCO. Also likely to be encountered are the generally similar HEAT-FS BR-367P and BR-367PZ, developed in Poland . These rounds have projectiles weighing 5.3 kg and can penetrate 180 mm of armour at 1,000 m. All these rounds have a secondary function against fixed structures such as field fortifications. Description The 85 mm HEAT-FS BK-2M is normally loaded as a fixed piece of ammunition, although it is apparently possible to remove the projectile from its brass cartridge case on some versions - other versions have the projectile assembly crimped to the cartridge case. The body of the projectile is steel and is provided with a single 24.7 mm wide slipping drive band made of sintered iron. The nose of the 85 mm HEAT-FS BK-2M is conical and carries a prominent impact sensor. The steel body contains 920 to 970 g of A-IX-1 (RDX/Wax) contained behind a conical metal liner. An internal connection between the nose-mounted impact fuze and the GPV-2 base detonating element is used to initiate the main charge and form a high-temperature particle jet to penetrate the target. The base of the projectile carries a tubular steel boom carrying six forward-folding fins which snap out to provide a fin span of 336.55 mm for flight stabilisation. The ends of the fins have angled vanes which impart a slow rotation to assist in aerodynamic stabilisation. A No 9 tracer element housing is located in the base of the tubular boom. The lacquered steel or brass cartridge case contains 2.047 kg of 12/1 Tr and 11/7 stick and granualar propellant providing a muzzle velocity of 840 to 850 m/s. It has been stated that the warhead can penetrate approximately 300 mm of armour at any range. The maximum practical direct fire range is stated to be 910 m. Other 85 mm rounds produced that are likely to be encountered include the 85 mm Smoke D-367, the Smoke D-2 (complete round weight 16 kg, projectile weight 9.54 kg), TP/Prac PBP-367 and Blank MK-365. Also produced were water-filled cartridges fired to make gun recoil mechanisms operate in maintenance or confined areas, examples being the 85 mm Zh-365 and the East German HOF-1. Authorised fuzes PIBD GPV-2 Equivalent rounds CHINA , PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC CHINA Manufacturer China North Industries (NORINCO) Type: 85 mm HEAT-FS Description: Developed for use with 85 mm gun Type 56. The projectile weighs 12.5 kg, 647 g of which is the RDX/TNT 50:50 filling. Muzzle velocity is 845 m/s and direct fire range 970 m. The warhead can penetrate 100 mm set at an angle of 65º. Fitted with PIBD Dian-1A fuze ROMANIA Manufacturer SN ROMARM SA Type: HEAT BK-2M Description: No longer in series production. Standard specificationsЧитати далі
7.62 × 25 mm
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
South Africa
7.62 × 25 mm
Synonyms 7.62 mm Tokarev ; 7.62 Soviet pistol; 7.62 Russian; 0.30 Mauser; 7.63 × 25mm Armament Tokarev TT33 automatic pistol; various obsolete Soviet sub-machine guns (PPD, PPSh, PPS ); Chinese Type 85 sub-machine gun and Type 80 pistol. Current pistols and submachine guns chambered for this cartridge include the Russian A-7.62. Most pistols and sub-machine guns chambered for the 7.63 mm Mauser cartridge will probably operate satisfactorily with this round and vice versa. Development This cartridge actually began life as the 7.63 mm Mauser automatic pistol cartridge. It was taken into use by the Russian forces in the early 1900s and the pistol remained popular with the Bolshevik armies, one model being produced specifically for the Soviet government. As a result manufacture of the Mauser cartridge began in Russia , and when in due course the Tokarev automatic pistol was developed, it was designed around the Mauser cartridge. For manufacturing convenience the barrel of the Tokarev was 7.62 mm calibre, thus the Soviet cartridge lost its Mauser designation and became known as the 7.62 mm Tokarev. The dimensional differences between the Soviet round and the original Mauser specifications are minute and largely due to the manufacturing processes. It can therefore be expected that any weapon originally using the Mauser cartridge will work with the Soviet pattern and vice versa. This cartridge has been manufactured in China and various countries of the former Warsaw Pact, but always to the Soviet specification. The Chinese pattern (below) is stated to be for the automatic pistols Type 54 and Type 80 and for the Type 85 light sub-machine gun. Like the 7.63 × 25 mm cartridge from which it is derived, the 7.62 × 25 mm performs very well against soft body armour and light metal, such as automobile bodies. This cartridge has seen new interest in Russia in recent years because it has excellent capability against soft body armour. Description The case is rimless and bottlenecked. The standard ball bullet is round-nosed and lead cored with a steel jacket. CHINA Manufacturer China North Industries (NORINCO) Type: Type 51: FMJ; 5.6 g; MV 420 m/s AP Type 64: FMJ; cartridge weight 12.13-13.03 g; MV 285-305 m/s; specifically for use in Type 64 and 85 sub-machine guns CZECH REPUBLIC Manufacturer Sellier & Bellot Type: Ball: FMJ; 5.5 g; MV 420 m/s RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSOCIATED STATES (CIS) Manufacturer Government arsenals Type: Ball P: FMJ; 5.57 g; MV 455 m/s AP incendiary P-41: For sub-machine guns; 4.79 g; steel-jacketed bullet with hard steel core and incendiary composition in the nose Tracer PT: Also for sub-machine guns; lead-cored bullet with base tracer SOUTH AFRICA Manufacturer New Generation Ammunition (Pty) Ltd Type: Ball : FMJ; 5.57 g; MV 442 m/s YUGOSLAVIA , FEDERAL REPUBLIC Manufacturer Yugoimport SDPR Type: Ball: FMJ; 5.5 g; MV 520 m/s Ball: JHP; 5.5 g; MV 522 m/sЧитати далі
60 mm HE bomb M61A
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
Chile
60 mm HE bomb M61A
Armament Any 60 mm mortar. Development By FAMAE , based on the Hotchkiss-Brandt ( TDA ) M61 pattern. Description A cast-iron bomb of teardrop shape. The nose is rather more ogival than is common in this shape, and has five gas check grooves at the bourrelet. The tail unit is of extruded and machined aluminium alloy and screws into the rear of the body. The usual primary cartridge fits into the tail tube and four secondary charges in plastic capsules clip into slots in the forward edges of the fins; a further secondary charge in horseshoe form fits around the short tailboom in front of the fins. Manufacturer FAMAE .Читати далі
81 mm HE bomb M57
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
Chile
81 mm HE bomb M57
Armament All 81 mm mortars. Development By FAMAE , based upon TDA M57 pattern. Description A cast-iron, teardrop-shaped bomb with an ogival nose closed by an adaptor forming the exploder container. The 10-fin tail unit is of extruded aluminium alloy and contains a primary cartridge in the tail tube and up to six secondary charges in horseshoe-shaped plastic containers, which clip around the tail tube above the fins. Manufacturer FAMAE .Читати далі
120 mm HE bomb 44/66
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
Chile
120 mm HE bomb 44/66
Armament All 120 mm smoothbore mortars. Development By FAMAE , based upon the TDA M44/66 pattern. Description A forged steel bomb of conventional shape, with light-alloy tailboom and fins. The nose is threaded for the fuze and a light exploder container is pressed into the filling. A primary cartridge fits into the tailboom and seven secondary increments fit around it in horseshoe containers. Manufacturer FAMAE .Читати далі
35 × 228 mm AHEAD ammunition
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
Canada
35 × 228 mm AHEAD ammunition
Armament All Oerlikon Contraves 35 mm KD series cannon including: GDF-001, GDF-002 and GDF-005 automatic anti-aircraft guns (Switzerland); Gepard (Germany) and CA 1 (Netherlands) twin 35 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft guns; Type 87 twin 35 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun ( Japan ); ZA-35 twin 35 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun ( South Africa ); Denel 35DPG naval gun ( South Africa ); LIW EMAK ( South Africa ); Marconi Marksman twin 35 mm anti-aircraft turret (UK); OE/OTO 35 mm naval mounting (Italy); Boeing Company Bushmaster III (USA); GMD-A twin 35 mm naval mounting (Switzerland); 35/1000 revolver cannon; Millenium 35/1000 naval gun system (UK); SkyShield 35 ; Skoda 35 mm SPAAG ( Czech Republic ). NORINCO of China manufactures the Twin 35 mm Towed AA Gun System, a licence-produced version of the Oerlikon Contraves GDF-002 . Development The codename AHEAD (Advanced Hit Efficiency And Destruction), refers to a new generation of 35 × 228 mm ammunition. It was intended to expand the defensive capability of medium calibre air defence guns in response to the anticipated threat from precision-guided munitions, missiles and other high-technology weaponry. Although originally developed for the 35 mm calibre the concept could be expanded to other calibres. The AHEAD concept also has applications against armoured land targets such as APCs and similar vehicles. Development of the AHEAD concept by Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec AG commenced during the late 1980s, with the first public presentation of the concept being given in mid-1991. By October 1992, the first firing demonstration was given, followed by a further live firing demonstration against towed air targets in September 1993. More successful live firing demonstrations against drone targets followed. AHEAD is fully developed and in production, available for use with the 35/1000 revolver cannon which is part of the Oerlikon Contraves SkyShield 35 air defence system and the Millenium 35/1000 naval air defence system. During 1996, Canada became the first NATO customer for AHEAD, when it acquired upgrade kits for its 20 GDF-005 air defence guns; with the Canadian air defence batteries it was initially intended that AHEAD ammunition will replace HEI in the air defence role. Oman is known to be another AHEAD user. The AHEAD round remains one of the ammunition types under consideration for use with the South African Denel 35DPG dual-purpose naval gun. AHEAD ammunition is also proposed for use with the Czech Skoda 35 mm SPAAG on a TATRA T815 8 × 8 wheeled chassis; this system carries an unmanned mounting similar to that used by the Oerlikon Contraves SkyShield 35 . Trials have been held to determine the effects of AHEAD ammunition on armoured ground targets. Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec AG have proposed that AHEAD technologies could form part of future modernisation programmes involving both air defence and ground-to-ground 30 mm cannon systems. See entry on the 30 × 173 mm Air Brusting Munition (ABM) in the Cannon section. AHEAD technology is also involved in the time-fuze system employed with the 40 mm Air Bursting Munition System (ABMS) for a wide range of 40 mm automatic high-velocity grenade launchers. The ABMS is produced by Singapore Technologies Kinetics (ST Kinetics). Oerlikon Contraves, including Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec AG, is now a member of Rheinmetall DeTec AG . Description 35 mm AHEAD rounds are fixed, as other 35 × 228 mm Oerlikon ammunition and are handled and loaded in the same way. The 35 × 228 mm AHEAD round, Oerlikon designation PMD062, uses a heavy metal payload projectile with a programmable base fuze. The fuze contains an advanced high-precision timer that will detonate a forward firing ejection charge according to how it is programmed. The timer is programmed after it has passed through a triple-coil muzzle velocity gauge as the projectile leaves the gun muzzle. Muzzle safety for the projectile is more than 60 m. As the projectile passes through the first two coils, set 100 mm apart, its exact velocity is determined and processed together with target information supplied by the fire-control system computer. The exact projectile flying time is calculated to thousandths of a second and imparted by electro-induction to the programmable base fuze as the projectile passes through a third coil. The high-precision time module in the fuze will then signal the fuze to function and detonate the less than 1 g ejection charge at a given distance in front of the target, forming a cone of 152 tungsten alloy subprojectile pellets which are directed towards the target. One 25-round burst can produce a `swarm' containing 3,800 tungsten alloy pellets covering an expected target position. If the fuze fails to function for any reason, it will self-destruct after 8.19 seconds, an equivalent range of approximately 5,000 m. The spin-stabilised subprojectiles (the spin rate is about 1,000 rps) were design calculated to be capable of defeating any missile, drone or remotely piloted vehicle by kinetic energy alone, whatever front-end armour they might possess. Each cylindrical tungsten alloy subprojectile weighs 3.3 g. The complete payload is stacked in eight layers, with each layer containing 19 subprojectiles. A practice round with a totally inert projectile is available for gun testing. Authorised fuzes ET - integral, see text Equivalent rounds CANADA CANADA Manufacturer SNC TEC Type: AHEAD C141 Description: Standard specifications.Читати далі
35 × 228 mm Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec AG
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
Canada
35 × 228 mm Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec AG
Armament All Oerlikon Contraves 35 mm KD series cannon including: GDF-002 and GDF-005 automatic anti-aircraft guns (Switzerland); Gepard (Germany) and CA 1 (Netherlands) twin 35 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft guns; Type 87 twin 35 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun ( Japan ); ZA-35 twin 35 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun ( South Africa ); Denel 35DPG naval gun ( South Africa ); LIW EMAK ( South Africa ); Marconi Marksman twin 35 mm anti-aircraft turret (UK); OE/OTO 35 mm naval mounting (Italy); Boeing Company Bushmaster III (USA); GMD-A twin 35 mm naval mounting (Switzerland); 35/1000 revolver cannon; Millenium 35/1000 naval gun system (UK); SkyShield 35 ; Skoda 35 mm SPAAG ( Czech Republic ). NORINCO of China manufactures the Twin 35 mm Towed AA Gun System, a licence-produced version of the Oerlikon Contraves GDF-002 . Development The 35 × 228 mm Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec Break-Up ammunition was originally designed and developed by NWM De Kruithoorn to provide training for Oerlikon Contraves 35 mm air defence gun crews in the handling, feeding and firing of live ammunition without the corresponding requirement for large ranges and safety areas. Production and sales rights have now been taken over by Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec AG. Factors such as sound, flash and smoke are the same for real ammunition and gun mechanisms function normally. Simulated targets, such as live aircraft, can be fired at without any danger of the target being hit as the projectiles fired break up into harmless plastic fragments and powder particles after travelling a maximum distance of less than 100 m. Oerlikon Contraves, including Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec AG, is now a member of Rheinmetall DeTec AG . Description The Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec Break-Up round, used to simulate operational 35 × 228 mm Oerlikon rounds, resembles a TP round in appearance and handling. It is therefore a fixed round using a steel cartridge case and the usual primer, together with the usual propellant charge. The 35 mm Break-Up projectile consists of a thin plastic jacket made from two parts, friction welded together. The core of the projectile contains specially treated pressed iron powder in tablet form for much of the shell body interior and loose in the base. The nose of the projectile contains a polystyrene foam core. The projectile is glued into the cartridge case mouth after the insertion of a felt disc to provide a separation between the propellant and the glue and to protect the base of the projectile against heat when firing. On firing, the projectile passes up the bore and initial spin is imparted by a moulded white nylon drive band. As centrifugal forces increase, the iron powder filling attempts to migrate outwards but the barrel walls supporting the projectile's plastic jacket prevent any outward movement. The projectile jacket remains intact until it leaves the muzzle. Internal forces then cause the jacket to rupture longitudinally along fluted serrations. The serrations cause the jacket to open up completely and create maximum drag so that it will only travel a short distance. The iron powder filling flows from the ruptured jacket and spreads over the ground close to the gun muzzle. The maximum safety area in front of the gun muzzle required by the 35 mm Break-Up round is 100 m long and 45 m wide. Authorised fuzes None involved Equivalent rounds CANADA CANADA Manufacturer SNC TEC Type: Break-Up C121 Description: Standard specifications.Читати далі
Giat Industries Ammunition for 105 mm LG1 Guns 105 mm HE ER G2
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
Canada
Giat Industries Ammunition for 105 mm LG1 Guns 105 mm HE ER G2
Armament M101/M101A1, M102 (towed) and M108 (self-propelled) howitzers; Otobreda 105/14 Pack Howitzer (L5); RO Defence M119A1 Towed Howitzer; Howitzer, Light, Towed: 105 mm KH178 ( South Korea ); Giat Industries LG1 Mk I and Mk II Light Gun and M101A1 Modernised (France); Type 75 self-propelled howitzer ( Japan ); RDM 105 mm M101/33 (Netherlands); 105 mm m/26 (Spain); T64 105 mm Howitzer ( Taiwan ); M101 (Modified) Germany; 105 mm Howitzer M56 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ). Development With the introduction of the 105 mm LG1 light towed gun Giat Industries developed a new family of 105 mm ammunition. This new family is based around the use of an enhanced range 105 mm HE projectile with a Base Bleed (BB) unit. The entire family of six rounds, produced by Giat Industries, can be fired from 105 mm artillery pieces with standard chambers but to take full advantage of the range increases made possible with the new 105 mm family they are meant to be fired from the longer barrelled (33 or 34 calibre) and modernised 105 mm artillery systems. The full family is optimised for firing from the 30-calibre barrel of the Giat Industries 105 mm LG1 Mk II. One component of this family, the 105 mm HE ER G1, is licence produced in Canada. See later in entry for details. Description There are six rounds in the Giat Industries 105 mm LG1 ammunition family, two fitted with Base Bleed (BB) units, two with base bleed units and increased propellant charges, and two with drag-reducing Boat Tail (BT) units. The rounds fitted with base bleed units are fixed rounds as they have a single fixed single base propellant charge. With these rounds the projectile is secured to the brass cartridge case by a single crimping ring. The two BT rounds are semi-fixed with the cartridge cases containing variable propellant charges for zones 6 to 10. Percussion primers are employed. The two base bleed rounds have a maximum range of 17,500 m when fired from the 105 mm LG1 Mk II gun or one of the longer barrelled 105 mm systems (such as the Giat Industries 105 mm M101A1 Modernised). Firing the hollow base projectiles from the same guns the maximum range is 15,000 m. For details of the increased propellant charge rounds, see below. The rounds in the 105 mm LG1 family follow. 105 mm HE ER G1 The HE projectile used with this fixed round has a high-fragmentation steel body filled with 2.5 kg of TNT, and is fitted with a base bleed unit containing 500 g of Propergol providing a maximum range of 17,500 m when fired from the LG1 and similar weapons. As with all the rounds in the 105 mm LG1 family the 105 mm HE ER G1 round is 850 mm long overall, the 13 kg projectile is 569 mm long. The complete round weighs 18 kg. Muzzle velocity when fired from the LG1 gun is 685 m/s. 105 mm HE ER G2 This extended range HE round is generally similar to the 105 mm HE ER G1 but has a heavier (2.2 kg) propellant charge to enable it to be fired with a muzzle velocity of 710 m/s. When fired from the LG1 Mk II light gun it has a maximum range of 18,100 m. This round is licence produced in Canada by SNC Technologies as the Cartridge, 105 mm HE C132. It is fired by Canadian Armed forces LG1 Mk II light guns and C3 howitzers, the latter having a 33-calibre barrel enabling it to reach a range of 18,800 m. The round utilises a C20 primer and a C12 (modified M14 ) brass cartridge case. Various types of nose-mounted fuze can be used, including the PD M739. 105 mm WP ER G1 As with the 105 mm HE ER G1, the 105 mm WP ER G1 Smoke round is fixed with the projectile having a base bleed unit. The projectile weighs 13.1 kg and is filled with 2.3 kg of White Phosphorus (WP). Other dimensions and performance figures are as for the 105 mm HE ER G1. Muzzle velocity when fired from the LG1 Mk II gun is 685 m/s. 105 mm Smoke BB G2 Corresponding to the 105 mm HE ER G2, this round has an increased propellant charge (2.2 kg) to enable it to attain a muzzle velocity of 710 m/s. This produces a maximum range of 18,100 m when fired from the LG1 Mk II light gun. It is otherwise identical to the 105 mm WP ER G1 Smoke round. 105 mm HE BT G1 This HE round is semi-fixed as the brass cartridge case contains variable charges for zones 6 to 10. The high-fragmentation steel projectile weighs 13 kg and contains 2.5 kg of TNT. Maximum range when fired from the LG1 gun or a similar artillery piece is 15,000 m. Other weights and dimensions are as for the 105 mm HE ER G1. Muzzle velocity when fired from the LG1 gun is 675 m/s. 105 mm WP BT G1 This round is the Smoke equivalent of the 105 mm HE BT G1 with the 13.1 kg projectile containing 2.3 kg of White Phosphorus (WP). The complete round weighs 18 kg. Other details are as for the 105 mm WP BT G1. Maximum ranges of the HE and Smoke BT projectiles when fired from the Giat 105 mm LG1 Mk II Light Gun are as follows: Charge 6 - 6,250 m Charge 7 - 9,400 m Charge 8 - 11,000 m Charge 9 - 13,100 m Charge 10 - 15,000 m. Authorised fuzes Standard fuzes as required Equivalent rounds CANADA CANADA Manufacturer SNC TEC Type: HE ER C132 Description: See data for HE ER G2 in text. Also produced is RP Smoke XMR102 (see separate entry).Читати далі
Projectile, 155 mm: Illumination, M485, M485A1
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
Canada
Projectile, 155 mm: Illumination, M485, M485A1
Armament M1A1 Cannon for M114/M114A1 Towed Howitzer; M1A2 Cannon for M114A2 Towed Howitzer; M199 Cannon for M198 Towed Howitzer; M126/M126A1 Cannon for M109 Self-propelled Howitzer; M185 Cannon for M109A1 to M109A4 series of self-propelled howitzers; M284 Cannon for M109A5 and M109A6 Paladin self-propelled howitzers; XM2001/XM2002 Crusader AFAS; XM777 Lightweight Towed Howitzer. The 155 mm Illumination M485 series can also be fired from the following artillery weapons: NORICUM GH N-45 Gun-Howitzer; CITEFA CALA 30/2; Patria Vammas M-83 and 155 GH 52 howitzers; Giat Industries TR and 155/52 guns and M114F Howitzer; Field Howitzer FH-70 ; Soltam Model 839P and 845P towed howitzers, M-71 Gun-Howitzer , M-68 Gun-Howitzer, M-46 Field Gun, and M114S Howitzer; Hadid 155 mm Howitzer HM41 ( Iran ); Otobreda 155/39 TM Howitzer; KH179 Howitzer ( South Korea ); RDM M139 and M139/39 howitzers; STK FH-88 and FH-2000 Gun-Howitzers; LIW G5; SITECSA 155/45 ST 012 Gun-Howitzer; SANTA BARBARA SB 155/39 and 155/52 APU SBT-1 Howitzers, M114 155/45 and M114 155/39 conversions; Bofors FH-77B Howitzer; Bison Fortress Gun (Switzerland); T65 Howitzer and Extended Range Gun ( Taiwan ); 155 mm/52-calibre Howitzer ( Turkey ); M46/84 Gun and M65 Howitzer (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ). The 155 mm Illumination M485 series can also be fired from the self-propelled artillery weapons: TAMSE VCA ( Argentina ); PZL45 ( PRC ); Giat Industries GCT and CAESAR 155/52; PzH 2000 (Germany); M44T (Germany); Soltam Rascal, Slammer and L33; Hadid 155 mm Self-propelled Cannon HM44 Thunder 2 ( Iran ); Otobreda Palmaria and M109L ; Type 75 ( Japan ); K9 Thunder( South Korea ); ZTS ZUZANA ( Slovakia ); LIW G6; SFAW M109 Upgrade (Switzerland); XT-69 ( Taiwan ); SP2000 ( Turkey ); AS90 and Braveheart (UK); UD 155 mm/52-calibre International Howitzer (USA). Development The M485 series of 155 mm illumination projectiles have virtually taken the place of the earlier M118 series of illumination projectiles, although the M118 series may still be encountered in service with various nations (see previous entry). The 155 mm Illumination M485A2 is now the standard 155 mm illumination projectile used by the US and most NATO armed forces. Although this series is no longer in production in the USA, some production capability remains. Description The M485 series of 155 mm illumination projectiles are separate loading munitions using a hollow forged steel body with a steel base plug press fitted to the rear of the projectile and held in place by shear pins and twist pins. The exterior is fitted with a single gilding metal drive band and a plastic obturating band. The shell interior contains a primary expulsion charge, a canister assembly and a drogue parachute. The canister assembly contains a secondary expulsion charge, a delay holder, an illumination composition and the main parachute. On the 155 mm Illumination M485 the base plug is secured to the body by shear pins only. This projectile is no longer produced but may be encountered in service. The 155 mm Illumination M485A1 has the base plug secured by shear pins and twist pins. The M485A1 is no longer produced but may be encountered in service. The 155 mm Illumination M485A2 has a revised canister assembly and the canister fins are perforated to decrease the rate of deceleration before the main parachute deploys; the 155 mm Illumination M485A2 is the standard US armed forces variant of the M485 series and is the only one now in production anywhere. In operation the nose-mounted time fuze functions at the preselected time and ignites the primary expulsion charge. The resultant pressure forces the drogue parachute and canister against the baseplate, rupturing the base pins and expelling the canister assembly and its parachute. Once out of the shell body the drogue parachute deploys to decelerate the canister assembly while fins deploy to stop rotation. The primary expulsion charge also ignites the delay element in the nose of the canister assembly. After 8 seconds delay and once rotation has ceased, the secondary expulsion charge ignites the illuminating composition and expels the main parachute and the flare body from the canister assembly. The main parachute deploys and, with the flare candle suspended from shrouds, the illuminating body descends at a rate of 4.5 to 5 m/s. The flare will burn for up to 2 minutes, producing approximately 1 Mcd. The 155 mm Illumination M485A2 can be fired using the M3A1/M4A2 bagged charges although Charge 1 is not normally used. The M119 series unitary charges can be used but not the M203 . It is not recommended that 155 mm Illumination M485A2 projectiles are fired with mechanical fuze settings below 10 seconds. The Propelling Charge M3A1 is a green bag charge using 2.495 kg of M1 propellant divided into a base charge and four increments for firing as Charges 1 to 5. It has an M2 flash reducer pad (weighing 28.3 g) assembled in front of the base charge with similar pads assembled in front of increments 4 and 5. The increment bags are tied together by four cloth straps and a clean-burning igniter charge in a red cloth bag is sewn to the rear of the base charge. The complete charge is 406 mm long. The Propelling Charge M3 is similar to the M3A1 but lacks the M2 flash reducer pads and an 85 g charge of black powder is used in the igniter pad. It should be noted that Charge 1 cannot normally be used with the longer barrelled weapons. The Propelling Charge M4A2 is a white bag charge using 5.897 kg of M1 propellant divided into a base charge and four increments for firing as Charges 3 to 7. The increments are tied together by four cloth straps. A 96.4 g clean-burning igniter charge in a red cloth bag is sewn to the rear of the base section and an M2 flash reducer pad is assembled in front of the base charge. The complete charge is 533 mm long. The Propelling Charge M4A1 is similar to the M4A2 but does not contain the M2 flash reducer pad (although this can be added if required) and the base igniter contains black powder. The Propelling Charge M4 is a white bag charge differing from the M4A1 as it consists of a base charge and two increments only for firing as Charges 5 to 7. The M2 flash reducer pad is used with this charge. The M3 and M4 series of charges are fired using the MK2A4 or M82 primer. The M2 flash reducer pad used with these charges is a 101.6 mm square red cotton cloth bag containing black powder and potassium sulphate or potassium nitrate. The Propelling Charge M119 is a single white bag charge in a laced jacket fired as Charge 8. It has an igniter bag sewn onto the base and a flash reducer pad is located on the front of the bag; the forward end also contains lead foil as a decoppering agent. The M119 contains approximately 8.62 kg of cool-burning M6 propellant with a central igniter consisting of a moulded nitrocellulose tube containing benite strands. The Propelling Charge M119A1 has some design improvements over the M119 including a modified ring-shaped flash reducer. The Propelling Charge M119A2 uses a red charge bag and does not have a laced jacket. It is provided with an igniter protector cap and tie strap which must be removed before firing; the circular red cloth igniter pad weighs 113 g. The M119A2 zone 7 is equivalent to the M119/M119A1 zone 8 charge. There are four 113 g potassium sulphate flash reducer increments located in side pockets. The M119A2 is 660 mm long. The M119A2 charge is produced by Eurometaal NV as the No 13. The M119 series of propellant charges should be fired using the Primer M82 only. When fired from the 155 mm M1/M1A1 Cannon on M114/M114A1 towed howitzers the following ballistic performance can be attained: Charge 1 (M3 green bag) - MV 212 m/s - range 2,788 m Charge 2 (M3 green bag) - MV 241 m/s - range 3,858 m Charge 3 (M3 green bag) - MV 275 m/s - range 5,121 m Charge 4 (M3 green bag) - MV 318 m/s - range 6,908 m Charge 5 (M3 green bag) - MV 381 m/s - range 8,675 m Charge 3 ( M4A1 white bag) - MV 279 m/s - range 5,324 m Charge 4 ( M4A1 white bag) - MV 322 m/s - range 6,993 m Charge 5 ( M4A1 white bag) - MV 382 m/s - range 8,670 m Charge 6 ( M4A1 white bag) - MV 472 m/s - range 10,962 m Charge 7 ( M4A1 white bag) - MV 576 m/s - range 13,648 m. When fired from the 155 mm M126/M126A1 Cannon on M109 self-propelled howitzers the following ballistic performance can be attained: Charge 1 ( M3A1 green bag) - MV 211.4 m/s - range 2,949 m Charge 2 ( M3A1 green bag) - MV 239.1 m/s - range 3,923 m Charge 3 ( M3A1 green bag) - MV 282.5 m/s - range 5,587 m Charge 4 ( M3A1 green bag) - MV 324.7 m/s - range 7,236 m Charge 5 ( M3A1 green bag) - MV 385.6 m/s - range 8,816 m Charge 3 (M4A2 white bag) - MV 275 m/s - range 5,293 m Charge 4 (M4A2 white bag) - MV 320.7 m/s - range 7,057 m Charge 5 (M4A2 white bag) - MV 380 m/s - range 8,635 m Charge 6 (M4A2 white bag) - MV 473.6 m/s - range 10,993 m Charge 7 (M4A2 white bag) - MV 576.5 m/s - range 13,586 m. When fired from the 155 mm M185 Cannon used on the M109A1 to M109A4 series of self-propelled howitzers the 155 mm Illumination M485A2 can attain the following ballistic performances: Charge 2 ( M3A1 green bag) - MV 240.3 m/s - range 3,933 m Charge 3 ( M3A1 green bag) - MV 281 m/s - range 5,569 m Charge 4 ( M3A1 green bag) - MV 323.3 m/s - range 7,155 m Charge 5 ( M3A1 green bag) - MV 381.7 m/s - range 8,721 m Charge 3 (M4A2 white bag) - MV 309.8 m/s - range 6,746 m Charge 4 (M4A2 white bag) - MV 353.2 m/s - range 7,949 m Charge 5 (M4A2 white bag) - MV 408.4 m/s - range 9,317 m Charge 6 (M4A2 white bag) - MV 488.9 m/s - range 11,304 m Charge 7 (M4A2 white bag) - MV 576.5 m/s - range 13,586 m Charge 8 ( M119/M119A1 ) - MV 696.7 m/s - range 17,086 m. When fired from the 155 mm M119 Cannon on the M198 towed howitzer the following ballistic performance can be attained: Charge 2 ( M3A1 green bag) - MV 239.8 m/s - range 5,000 m Charge 3 ( M3A1 green bag) - MV 280.8 m/s - range 6,500 m Charge 4 ( M3A1 green bag) - MV 322.9 m/s - range 8,300 m Charge 5 ( M3A1 green bag) - MV 380.1 m/s - range 9,800 m Charge 3 (M4A2 white bag) - MV 296.5 m/s - range 7,200 m Charge 4 (M4A2 white bag) - MV 340.9 m/s - range 8,900 m Charge 5 (M4A2 white bag) - MV 398 m/s - range 10,300 m Charge 6 (M4A2 white bag) - MV 482 m/s - range 12,400 m Charge 7 (M4A2 white bag) - MV 574.3 m/s - range 14,800 m Charge 8 ( M119/M119A1 ) - MV 684.3 m/s - range 18,100 m. It is anticipated that future 155 mm propellant charge systems will involve the employment of the M231/XM232 Modular Artillery Charge System (MACS). Other nations are currently in the process of adopting similar modular charge systems. Authorised fuzes MT M577 M565 series MTSQ M577 ET M724 Equivalent projectiles CANADA CANADA Manufacturer SNC Industrial Technologies Inc (SNC TEC) Type: 155 mm Illuminating M485A2 Description: Standard US specifications FRANCE Manufacturer Giat Industries Type: 155 mm Illuminating M485A2 Description: Standard US specifications. No longer in production but still likely to be encountered GREECE Manufacturer PYRKAL: Greek Powder & Cartridge Company Type: 155 mm Illuminating M485A2 Description: Standard US specifications ISRAEL Manufacturer Israel Military Industries ( IMI ) Type: 155 mm Illuminating M485A2 Description: Standard US specifications ITALY Manufacturer Simmel Difesa SpA Type: 155 mm Illuminating IM470A1 Description: Similar to 155 mm Illumination M485A2. Illuminating unit weighs 2.5 kg KOREA, SOUTH Manufacturer Hanwha Corporation Type: 155 mm Illuminating M485A2 Description: Standard US specifications Manufacturer Korea Explosives Company Type: 155 mm Illuminating M485A2 Description: Standard US specifications NETHERLANDS Manufacturer Eurometaal NV Type: 155 mm NR 109 Description: This is basically identical to the 155 mm Illuminating M483A1 but with a flare body producing 2.18 Mcd burning for 69 seconds, with a rapid rise in intensity immediately after ignition. Weight given as 46.5 kg. This projectile is also produced by the Thiokol Corporation in the USA SPAIN Manufacturer EXPAL SA Type: 155 mm Illuminating M485A2 Description: Standard US specifications Manufacturer SANTA BARBARA SA Type: 155 mm Illuminating M485A2 Description: Standard US specifications UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Manufacturer General Dynamics, Ordnance and Tactical Systems (GD-OTS) Type: 155 mm Illuminating M485A2 Description: Standard specifications Manufacturer Thiokol Corporation Type: 155 mm Illuminating M485A2 Description: Standard specifications. 155 mm NR 109 also produced (see under Netherlands)Читати далі
Simmel difesa
Simmel difesa
70 mm HYDRA 70 rockets
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Canada
70 mm HYDRA 70 rockets
Armament Rapid Deployment Multiple Rocket Weapon System (RD-MRWS); MAKSAM RA 7040 40-tube launcher. Development The 70 mm HYDRA 70 rocket was developed from the standard 2.75 in Mk 4-Mod 10 by the US Army and BEI Defense Systems of Fort Worth, Texas, (later Lockheed Martin Ordnance Systems and now General Dynamics Armament Systems ), to enable aviation air-to-ground rockets to be fired accurately from helicopter platforms or ground mountings using an enhanced efficiency fire-control system. The ground mountings are formed by mounting up to six multiple lightweight rocket pods (seven-tube M260 or the more usual 19-tube M261), on otherwise obsolete towed M91 115 mm chemical rocket launchers or modified towed 105 mm artillery carriages. HYDRA 70 rockets can also be fired from helicopters. The programme included the development of a new higher impulse rocket motor and several forms of warhead enabling the HYDRA 70 to carry out various types of fire support function for rapid deployment or special forces when conventional artillery support would be limited or non-existent. In April 1993, the US Army had 189,000 M151 HE HYDRA 70 rockets and 41,000 with M261 multipurpose warheads. At that time a single M151 HE HYDRA 70 rocket was quoted as costing US$365, while a multipurpose rocket was US$1,424. Since 1965, BEI Defense Systems and (later) General Dynamics Armament Systems have produced well over 40 million rocket motors, warheads, ordnance components and electronic systems for HYDRA 70 air-to-air and air-to-ground applications; production has been carried out at facilities in Camden, Arkansas, and Fort Worth, Texas. Production continues to meet a series of continuation orders for the US Army, Air Force, Navy and some overseas military users. Total contract value stood at US$391.7 million in early 2001, with the maximum potential contract value being US$1.2 billion over a five-year period . Description The 70 mm HYDRA 70 fin-stabilised rocket is powered by an electrically ignited Mk 66 rocket motor originally developed by the US Navy, to enhance accuracy and range compared to earlier models such as the Mk 40; the rocket motor also produces a more subdued exhaust signature than earlier models. The aluminium-bodied rocket has three wraparound fins, a fluted exhaust nozzle and an AA2 (MK90) double-base propellant which achieves 635 kg of thrust in 38 ms; motor burn time is 1.07 seconds. The fluted nozzle spins the rocket up to 600 rpm in the launcher and 2,100 rpm after launch. Weight of the rocket motor alone is 6.16 kg complete and it is 1.062 m long. The Mk 66 MOD 3 rocket motor is the standard US Army motor. The Mk 66 MOD 2 motor is used by the US Navy, US Air Force and US Army Special Operations Forces and contains an electronic device intended to prevent radio frequencies from igniting the rocket motor. The Canadian CVR-7 C16 rocket motor has a fluted exhaust nozzle which is compatible with the HYDRA 70 system. The C17 rocket motor, a joint Bristol Aerospace/Talley Defense Systems development, has a new propellant grain geometry, a non-asbestos insulation material and modified fins. Developed from 1987 onwards, it is intended primarily for helicopter use (see under Canada below). Numerous types of warhead can be attached to the HYDRA 70 rocket motor. The most numerous is the M151 HE. M151 The M151 HE weighs 4.67 kg and contains 1.04 kg of Composition B-4 explosive in a prefragmented cast-iron 411 mm long warhead . It is fitted with the nose-mounted M433 remotely set multifunction (impact/delay) fuze, which can provide for variable depth penetration of forest canopy, buildings or bunkers - it also has a super-quick graze function. The M433 impact/delay fuze weighs 816.5 g. An alternative is the essentially similar remotely set M432 airburst fuze. There is also a M429 proximity fuze. Neither of these latter fuzes are in production in the USA. Helicopter-launched M151 HE rockets utilise the M423/M427 point detonating fuzes, the former intended for helicopters and the latter for aircraft - they differ only in the arming time. The M151 HE rocket has a maximum range of 10,400 m and a velocity of 1,517 m/s. Weight at launch is 10 kg. From 2,000 m to maximum range, accuracy is such, that the average circular error of probability is 80 m. For practice there is the M274 containing a smoke spotting charge or the completely inert WTU-1/B, the latter normally used for the ballistic testing of rocket motors. The latter are both 411 mm long and both weigh 4.2 kg . M229 Although mentioned in some references the M229 FRAG-HE warhead, intended to provide an anti-personnel and anti-materiel capability, does not appear to have been manufactured in any quantity for the HYDRA 70 system, although it continues to be marketed. The M229 warhead weighs 7.62 kg and is 677 mm long; explosive content is 2.18 kg of Composition B-4 in a prefragmented cast-iron warhead casing. M261 First fielded in 1990, the M261 warhead carries a payload of nine M73 multipurpose submunition grenades intended for use against personnel, materiel, armour and helicopters . It has been described as a MPSM HE (MultiPurpose Sub-Munition High Explosive) . The M261 warhead has a high-impact plastic nose and an aluminium alloy body with an internal base-mounted M439 remotely set fuze (weight 108.9 g). Alternatives are the M442 or M446 motor burnout fuzes that allow the M261 warhead to be used with MK4-Mod 40 rocket motors. As the base fuze functions, the nine M73 submunitions are ejected over the target area. On ejection a ram-air decelerator (a small drogue parachute) is deployed to arm the submunition's impact fuze while decelerating and stabilising the body in descent. As the fuze functions on impact the submunition's shaped 100 g Composition B charge (plus a 13 g LX-14 booster) disrupts the steel body, which is prescored internally, to create its anti-personnel effects. A single M261 warhead can distribute its submunitions over an area roughly the size of a football field. The M261 multipurpose rocket has a maximum range of 8,080 m and a velocity of 1,500 m/s. Warhead weight is 6.12 kg and it is 683 mm long. An M267 Practice warhead containing smoke-filled submunitions can be used for training. M255A1 Another payload-carrying warhead is the M255A1 anti-personnel, carrying approximately 1,200 60 grain flechettes and three tracers, again utilising the remote set M439 base fuze for timing the release point against massed infantry targets. Warhead weight is 5.7 kg and length 683 mm . It was first fielded in 1993. M247 The M247, described as a multipurpose warhead, has a unitary shaped Composition B charge weighing approximately 1 kg for employment against armour. It has an M438 base-mounted impact fuze activated by a piezoelectric element in the warhead nose. It is no longer produced. M264 The M264 Smoke warhead can generate screening smoke for up to 5 minutes and is activated by a remote set M439 fuze. The normal smoke composition involved with the earlier M259 rocket was White Phosphorus (WP) - the M264 uses a Red Phosphorus (RP) based filling of 72 presaturated pellets. Warhead weight is 4.2 kg and length 683 mm . An M156 smoke warhead has also been produced. From eight to 10 rockets are required to form a complete screen. M262 The M262 Illuminating warhead is also activated by a remote set M439 fuze and can produce 1 million candlepower illumination for approximately 2 minutes. The intention for this warhead/rocket motor combination is that they can be fired individually under the automatic control of a digital remote timer unit. One launcher fully loaded with six 19-tube M261 launch pods, can produce constant illumination of a selected area for up to 2 hours 30 minutes. The M262 is no longer produced. M257 The M257 Illuminating warhead has replaced the earlier M262 . It is 739 mm long and weighs 4.9 kg. M278 The M278 is generally similar to the M257 in operation but emits infra-red light to illuminate targets to be viewed by night vision equipment. It is 729 mm long and weighs 6.5 kg . M245 References have been found to an M245 Chemical warhead but it is assumed that any of these remaining have been withdrawn from service and are scheduled for destruction. LCPK LCPK refers to Low Cost Precision Kill and is the subject of an advanced technology demonstrator contract for a semi-active, laser-guided version of a 2.75 in rocket. The contract was awarded to Marconi Aerospace Defense Systems of Austin, Texas, and Raytheon Systems of Tucson, Arizona. The project is funded by the US Army and the US Marine Corps. It is understood that the programme is intended to improve helicopter-launched rockets and will be issued as a retrofit kit to be added to existing rockets. Authorised fuzes See text Equivalent rockets CANADA CANADA Manufacturer Bristol Aerospace Limited Type: Various - see below Description: Developed for use with the Canadian Rocket Vehicle (CVR-7) Advanced Rocket System developed by the Canadian Department of National Defense and manufactured by British Aerospace . The 2.75 in CVR-7 was developed along the same lines as the HYDRA 70, but the C15 (RLU-5002/B) rocket motor has a case-bonded, high-energy, solid-propellant fuel using an Hydroxy-Terminated-Poly-Butadiene (HTPB) binder with an 88 per cent solids content of ammonium perchlorate and ferric oxide. The motor delivers 970 kg of thrust for 1.8 seconds and has a maximum range of 14,000 m. Available warheads include: the 4.3 kg M151 HE as used with the HYDRA 70; the M229 FRAG-HE; the M249 HEDP; the M156 Incendiary/WP; the M257 Illuminating; and a long-range Mk 1 HE warhead weighing 2.7 kg. Although these rockets and warheads are in production for air-to-ground applications they have yet to be procured for the ground-to-ground role. The CVR-7 C16 rocket motor has a fluted exhaust nozzle which is compatible with HYDRA 70 motors. Manufacturer Bristol Aerospace Limited Type: C17 Description: The C17 is the latest in the CRV7 rocket series optimised for use from helicopters, such as the AH-64D Apache, and has been selected by the UK MoD. Compared to earlier models, propellant weight is increased to 3.81 kg while total rocket weight is reduced to 5.8 kg. Burn time is 0.9 second. Speed performance is stated to be 36 per cent faster than earlier models, with 40 per cent less ballistic dispersion. Standard HYDRA 70 warheads can be installed. Talley Defense Systems is the CVR7 series licensee for the USA. KOREA, SOUTH Manufacturer Hanwha Corporation Type: 2.75 in M151 Description: Mainly for helicopter applications. K99 high-performance rocket motor also produced. NORWAY Manufacturer Raufoss Technology A/S Type: 2.75 in RA79 HEISAP Description: Primarily produced for helicopters and aircraft, the RA79 is a multipurpose rocket warhead compatible with all 2.75 in rockets. It is designed to detonate only after penetrating a target exterior, combining blast and incendiary effects. The warhead weighs 5.91 kg and contains Composition A3 and zirconium. The RA82 is a Practice warhead. The RA79 is in service with Denmark, Norway and the UK. TURKEY Manufacturer Elroksan, MKEK Type: 2.75 in Rocket System Description: Primarily produced for helicopters but also launched from MAKSAM RA 7040 40-tube ground-to-ground rocket launcher with a range of 7,400 m. Involves full range of HYDRA 70 warheads.Читати далі
Ammunition for 84 mm Carl Gustaf recoilless guns
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Canada
Ammunition for 84 mm Carl Gustaf recoilless guns
Armament All 84 mm Carl Gustaf M2/M3 recoilless guns. Development The Carl Gustaf 84 mm recoilless guns were developed following experimental work carried out in Sweden during the early and mid-1940s. Following the development of a 20 mm model, the first prototypes of the 84 mm Carl Gustaf appeared in 1946 and the first service model was ready in 1948. Since then the 84 mm Carl Gustaf has been produced in a series of basically similar models, all relying on the controlled venting of propelling gases through a rear-mounted venturi to eliminate recoil forces. The original versions were produced by the Swedish state-owned Gevärsfaktoriet, but production eventually switched to FFV Ordnance which also produced the ammunition. FFV Ordnance is now Bofors Carl Gustaf, part of Bofors AB. The 84 mm Carl Gustaf guns are in service with armed forces all over the world, including the USA, and production continues. The guns were originally developed as anti-tank weapons but ammunition development converted them into a portable multipurpose weapon capable of fulfilling many infantry fire-support functions efficiently. Description All 84 mm Carl Gustaf ammunition is fixed with the projectiles rigidly secured to their light alloy cartridge cases. The cases have a countersunk, side-located percussion cap used with an igniter composition (black powder NOA 91) to ignite the double-base propellant which is in strip form. The round is breech-loaded; a notch on the rim of the case ensures the round can only be loaded in such a way that the percussion cap ends up opposite the firing pin. The case is closed at the rear by a plastic baseplate. Rounds are normally issued and carried in two-round plastic-based containers. Ammunition development is still continuing for the 84 mm Carl Gustaf; only the current production versions are mentioned here. The following types of round are available: 84 mm HE 441B The projectile used with the 84 mm HE round has an unusual shape. The rounded nose is actually a 447 combined MT and impact fuze with the thin-walled shell body having a pronounced boat tail base with a rounded end. The steel body encloses two neoprene rubber inserts, each containing approximately 800 steel spheres that considerably add to the fragmentation effects produced when the 400 g RDX/TNT filling is detonated. The shell body is designed so the danger area for rearward travelling fragments is relatively small, allowing the round to be used at combat ranges as close as 40 m. The maximum practical range is 1,000 m although the fuze can be set for ranges between 40 and 1,250 m. The mechanical range/time fuze is set before firing by turning the entire front portion of the round from a `Safe' position to any range required in stepless 10 m divisions from 40 to 1,250 m. The 447 fuze uses a modified Thiel clockwork mechanism with transport, handling and bore safeties, requiring both setback and spin to arm. The fuze will function on impact down to impact angles of approximately 5º. The arming distance from the muzzle is over 20 m but less than 70 m. The 447 fuze is also produced by Micron Instruments of Chandigarh, India ; a fuze alternative is the Junghans Feinwerktechnik MTSQ No 504. The muzzle velocity of the 84 mm HE 441B round is 240 m/s and time of flight to 700 m is 3.4 seconds. 84 mm HEAT 551 The 551 HEAT round is one of the latest of a line of 84 mm HEAT rounds. It differs in that it employs a rocket motor that cuts in after firing to provide a flat trajectory and reduced time of flight, both of which increase the hit probability. Early versions of 84 mm HEAT rounds lacked the rocket motor and can be readily recognised by the long standoff nose spike. On the 551 this standoff spike is protected by a plastic ballistic cap. The 84 mm 551 HEAT projectile has a light-alloy body enclosing a 500 g Octol bursting charge behind a cone-shaped copper liner. The front edge of the standoff spike under the ballistic cap contains a steel `biting edge', ensuring the projectile does not slip away from an impact point. The standoff spike acts as a shock generator, transmitting the force of an impact to a piezoelectric generator connected by internal wires to a detonator. This ignites a tetryl booster to light the main shaped charge. Behind the shaped charge is a rocket motor in a light-alloy casing. The rocket motor consists of 300 g of smokeless double-base propellant venting through a closure at the rear. The light-alloy closure has a nozzle and contains a delay unit and an ignition charge. The delay unit is ignited by the propellant gases and delays rocket motor ignition by 45 ms until the projectile has travelled approximately 15 m from the gun muzzle. The motor then burns for 1.5 seconds, developing a thrust of 325 N. A teflon slipping ring is located between the rear closure and the stabilising unit. The latter is fitted around the rocket motor and consists of six folding aluminium fins and a plunger with two throttling orifices. Due to the rocket motor the 84 mm 551 HEAT has a muzzle velocity of 255 m/s, but after a range of 500 m the velocity is 330 m/s. Maximum effective range is 700 m and the time of flight to that range is 2.2 seconds. Standard dispersion at 700 m is 700 × 700 mm. The shaped charge warhead can penetrate approximately 400 mm of hard armour. A typical example of an earlier (non-rocket-assisted) 84 mm HEAT round weighs 2.585 kg, 1.7 kg of which is the projectile. Muzzle velocity is 311 m/s. 84 mm HEAT 751 The 84 mm HEAT 751 round features a rocket-assisted tandem warhead projectile, intended to defeat Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA) and penetrate over 500 mm of conventional armour. The round has a long conical nose to support the standoff fuze and uses a tandem warhead. The first charge (known as a precharge and weighing 300 g) destroys the reactive armour to enable the second shaped charge, weighing 1.5 kg, to penetrate up to 500 mm of rolled homogeneous armour. The effective range is given as up to 500 m. The complete round weighs 3.8 kg and the projectile 2.9 kg; propellant weight is 400 g. Muzzle velocity is 210 m/s while maximum velocity after rocket ignition is 340 m/s. The maximum height of the projectile trajectory for a range of 700 m is approximately 7 m. This round is in production. 84 mm HEDP 502 This round is intended to be a dual-purpose round for use against lightly armoured vehicles or solid structures and troops in the open, or with a delayed action against field fortifications and similar targets likely to be engaged when Fighting In Built-Up Areas (FIBUA). The round has a dual-mode fuze function with the Instant or Delayed mode selected at the instant of loading by the orientation of the cartridge case with the firing mechanism. Markings on the base (I and D) signify the correct alignment. The shell body is manufactured from high-fragmentation steel, and is surmounted by an aluminium nose cap covering the shaped charge liner which is of a `special material' ensuring behind-armour effects. The explosive charge is 580 g of HMX/TNT with a pressed tetryl and RDX booster. An aluminium alloy fin assembly with six fins is located behind the shell body. The fins are folded forward inside the cartridge case and are unfolded once the projectile leaves the gun muzzle by using residual propellant gas pressure retained by a plunger arrangement. The integral fuze system is a combination piezoelectric impact or pyrotechnic delay arrangement, with the mode selected by the orientation of the cartridge case. The alignment of the case alters the alignment of a fuze mode selector device which either short-circuits the piezoelectric system to obtain a 0.1 second delay after impact function, or else cancels the short-circuiting feature to ensure instantaneous functioning on impact. Arming distance is between 15 and 40 m from the gun muzzle. The 84 mm 502 HEDP can penetrate approximately 150 mm of armour. Muzzle velocity is 230 m/s and the maximum effective range against moving hard targets is 300 m. Against field fortifications or similar targets the maximum effective range is 500 m but this range increases to 1,000 m against troops in the open. The Bofors Light Multipurpose Assault Weapon (LMAW), currently under development, is a one-shot shoulder-fired weapon containing a modified 84 mm FFV 502 HEDP projectile. 84 mm Smoke 469B Intended to create rapid battlefield screening or marker smoke, the 84 mm 469B smoke round uses a light-alloy projectile. It is filled with 800 g of a smoke composition consisting of titanium tetrachloride adsorbed by pulverous synthetic hydrous calcium silicate; the composition is non-toxic. At the front of the body shell is a light-alloy adaptor into which the 957 direct action and graze fuze is threaded. The shell is encircled by a single copper driving band and is enclosed by a light-alloy baseplate. The internal walls of the shell are provided with longitudinal vanes to increase structural strength. On impact the fuze will function to ignite a centrally located burster charge. The smoke composition creates smoke the instant the shell body is ruptured to produce a non-toxic smoke screen 10 to 15 m wide. Maximum effective range of the 84 mm Smoke 469B is 1,300 m and muzzle velocity 240 m/s. 84 mm Illuminating 545 This round is intended to provide rapid battlefield illumination of target areas in support of direct fire weapons and guided missiles. The projectile has a light-alloy body and base and is encircled by a single copper drive band. A pyrotechnic time fuze, covered by a rubber hood with a ring-pull removal tab during transport, is mounted on the projectile body and fitted with a graduated setting ring adjusted by a fuze setting key or the fuze safety pin. Inside the projectile body is a canister filled with 500 g of an illuminating composition and a folded nylon parachute canopy, shroud lines and riser. Before firing the fuze is set using the graduated setting ring, with graduations in 50 m divisions from 200 to 2,300 m, after the hood has been removed along with the fuze safety pin. There are also three preselected click settings for short (600 m), medium (1,100 m) and long range (1,700 m). An alternative fuze, the DM 42 produced by Junghans Feinwerktechnik, has five settings for 500, 800, 1,100, 1,400 and 1,700 m. The 84 mm Illuminating projectile is fired with the gun muzzle, elevated 20 to 25º to ensure the projectile and fuze function at a height at least 200 m above the ground. When the fuze functions it ignites a small expulsion charge which creates an internal overpressure to shear six fixing screws holding the baseplate in position. The illuminating canister is ejected to be suspended beneath the parachute. The expulsion charge also ignites the illuminating composition to produce a sodium light with a candle power of approximately 650,000 candela and an average burning time of 30 seconds. Rate of descent is approximately 5 m/s. The initial illuminated area can have a diameter of approximately 400 to 500 m. Muzzle velocity of the 84 mm Illuminating 545 is 260 m/s and maximum range of burst is 2,100 m. 84 mm TP-T 141 and TP-T 552 Both these rounds are used during training, although the TP-T 141 is no longer in production. Its replacement, the TP-T 551, is generally similar to the earlier round, containing no fuze, booster or bursting charge. The propellant charge and rocket motor provide the same ballistic performance as the HEAT 551. For short-range marksmanship training with 84 mm Carl Gustaf M2/M3 recoilless guns on indoor and outdoor ranges, Bofors produces a series of subcalibre adaptors that are loaded into the weapon concerned in the same manner as a conventional round. The first of these devices was the 6.5 mm SubCalibre Adaptor 217 (British Army designation L10A1 ) and others have since been produced to fire 0.22 training ammunition. The device for the Carl Gustaf M2 resembles a standard 84 mm HEAT round, with a barrel located along the centreline. The device for the Carl Gustaf M3 is essentially the same but resembles the outline of the 84 mm HEAT 551 round. This device is the SubCalibre Adaptor 553B which fires 7.62 mm tracer rounds. With this device a back blast charge may be added to simulate the back blast of the operational round. With the Adaptor 217, a 6.5 mm tracer round with ballistic characteristics similar to those of 84 mm HEAT projectiles (up to ranges of approximately 350 m), is fitted into a firing mechanism which is then screwed into the base of the training adaptor before loading. Firing is via the weapon's normal firing mechanism. Special low-power `gallery' rounds for use on indoor miniature ranges have been produced for use with this adaptor. Authorised fuzes Various - see text Equivalent rounds CANADA CANADA Manufacturer SNC TEC Type: HEAT 551 (C49), TP-T 552 (C46) Description: Standard specifications INDIA Manufacturer Indian Ordnance Factory Khamaria Jabalpur Type: HE, HEAT, Illuminating, TP-T Description: HEAT round is of early non-rocket-assisted type with weight (complete) 2.6 kg and projectile 1.8 kg. Muzzle velocity is 305 m/s. Maximum effective range against stationary targets is 550 m and against moving targets 450 m. The 447 fuze for the HE round is produced by Micron Instruments of Chandigarh SWEDEN Manufacturer Bofors Carl Gustaf Type: See text Description: See textЧитати далі
35 × 228 mm Oerlikon ammunition
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
South Africa
35 × 228 mm Oerlikon ammunition
Armament All Oerlikon Contraves 35 mm KD series cannon including: GDF-001, GDF-002 and GDF-005 automatic anti-aircraft guns (Switzerland); Gepard (Germany) and CA 1 (Netherlands) twin 35 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft guns; Type 87 twin 35 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun ( Japan ); Loara twin 35 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun; ZA-35 twin 35 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun ( South Africa ); Denel 35DPG naval gun ( South Africa ); LIW EMAK ( South Africa ); Marconi Marksman twin 35 mm anti-aircraft turret (UK); OE/OTO 35 mm naval mounting (Italy); Boeing Company Bushmaster III (USA); GMD-A twin 35 mm naval mounting (Switzerland); 35/1000 revolver cannon; Millenium 35/1000 naval gun system (UK); SkyShield 35 ; Skoda 35 mm SPAAG ( Czech Republic ). 35 × 228 mm TP rounds are fired from the Turkish MKEK 35 mm barrel insert system. NORINCO of China manufactures the Twin 35 mm Towed AA Gun System, a licence-produced version of the Oerlikon Contraves GDF-002 . Development Development of the Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec AG 35 × 228 mm ammunition for air defence guns commenced during the late 1950s. The 35 mm KD gun and its ammunition became one of the most successful of all post-war air defence gun systems. Originally there were four types of round in the family but subsequent development has expanded the range of available natures considerably, the latest being the Frangible Armour-Piercing Discarding Sabot (FAPDS) and a 35 × 228 mm APFSDS-T. Alliant Techsystems (ATK) is the exclusive US licensee for 35 × 228 mm Oerlikon ammunition, the technology transfer being successfully completed during 1982. The Boeing Company 35/50 mm Bushmaster III cannon is one of the weapons under consideration for the Bradley IFV mid-life improvement programme. Current development work is concentrating on the 35 mm version of this ammunition. For information regarding the next-generation series of 35 × 228 mm Oerlikon air defence ammunition, codenamed Advanced Hit Efficiency And Destruction (AHEAD), see following entry. Oerlikon Contraves, including Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec AG, is now a member of Rheinmetall DeTec AG . Description All Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec AG 35 × 228 mm ammunition involves fixed rounds with the projectiles rigidly secured to their low-carbon, drawn steel cartridge cases by eight crimping points. These engage in a cannelure around the body of the boat-tailed projectile. Soft iron drive bands are used. The ballistics and trajectories of all the TP, HE-I and SAPHEI rounds are identical. Those for the FAPDS, APDS-T and APFSDS-T armour-piercing rounds differ. In all cases the propellant involved is from 330 to 333 g of NC 01 T 35 single-based powder. Maximum average chamber pressure is 3,800 bar and muzzle rotation speed is 1,200 rps. A ZSD 304 percussion primer with a boxer primer cap is threaded into the cartridge case base. Some cartridge cases have grooves to facilitate the use of belt links. The projectiles involved, all secured to the same 228 mm long cartridge case with a 55 mm diameter base, are as follows: HE-I(NF ) Oerlikon designation PMD 042. This projectile has been described in Oerlikon Contraves literature as a mine and uses a cold-forged steel streamlined body filled with 112 g of Hexal P30 (with aluminium additives). The nose-located fuze well is occupied by a KZD 338 self-destruct delayed action point detonating fuze (the Junghans Feinwerktechnik PD DM 331 is an alternative), with an arming distance of 60 m and a delayed action time of 150 to 250 µs. The fuze will self-destruct the projectile after a range of 4,000 m or after a trajectory time of flight of 6 to 12 seconds. To ensure effective hits against aircraft or other targets, the fuze will function at angles of incidence down to 5º. The HE-I projectile can produce a large number of fragments and intensive blast effects. Maximum possible range is 11,000 m. HE-I-T(NF) Oerlikon designation PMD 040. This projectile is similar to the HE-I but includes a tracer element screwed into the base. This reduces the explosive filling to 98 g of Hexal P30. The tracer will burn for a minimum of 5 seconds, corresponding to a range of over 3,100 m. HE-I(BF) Oerlikon designation PMD 048. The projectile of this round uses a hardened steel body with an enlarged wall thickness and is filled with 65 g of Hexal P15 combined with 20 g of incendiary composition. The base-located BZD 357 mechanical impact fuze has an arming distance of 60 m and a delayed action time of approximately 500 µs. The fuze will self-destruct the projectile after a range of 4,000 m or after a trajectory time of 6 to 12 seconds. A powerful blast effect is combined with optimised fragmentation and an `extremely high' armour penetration. TP-T Oerlikon designation PMD 034. This is a relatively low-cost training and target practice projectile with an inert filling. The fuze is replaced by an aluminium plug. A tracer element is fitted in the base to burn for up to 4 seconds, corresponding to a range of over 4,000 m. The maximum possible range is 11,000 m. TP This is the same as the TP-T but lacks the tracer element. A threaded base plug takes the place of the tracer. SRTP-T This round uses the same practice projectile as the TP-T combined with a special nose piece to reduce the maximum possible range to below 9,000 m SAPHEI-T Oerlikon designation PMD 044. This round was developed to provide an armour-piercing capability against land or naval targets. It has a relatively thick-walled hardened steel HE projectile, with an armour-piercing nose intended to penetrate target armour at virtually any angle of incidence. An aluminium alloy nose cap acts as a ballistic windshield. The 22 g filling of Hexal P30 is detonated by a BZD 342 self-destruct delayed action impact base fuze. The fuze will self-destruct the projectile after a range of 4,000 m or after a trajectory time of flight of 6 to 12 seconds. At a range of 1,000 m this projectile can penetrate 40 mm of armour plate set at an angle of 0º NATO (90º) and then detonate to produce a large number of fragments and blast. APDS-T Oerlikon designation PMD 049. Intended primarily for use against armoured land and/or naval targets, this round uses a heavy metal subcalibre penetrator weighing 302 g carried in a discarding plastic sabot with a high-grade aluminium alloy base. The projectile has a muzzle velocity of 1,440 m/s. A tracer element burning for a minimum of 1.6 seconds (corresponding to a range of 2,000 m) is located in the penetrator base. The penetrator can pierce 90 mm of armour plate set at an angle of 0º NATO (90º) at 1,000 m. FAPDS Oerlikon designation PMD 055. The projectile for this round follows the same general lines as the APDS-T but is arranged so that the penetrator is designed to produce a large number of fragments once the outer armour layer of the target has been penetrated. It has been demonstrated that in air defence terms this provides the projectile with destructive effects similar to those of the HE-I projectile but deeper inside a target. APFSDS-T Oerlikon designation PMD 060. The fin-stabilised penetrator used with this round has a muzzle velocity of 1,417 m/s. The complete round weighs 1.455 kg and the projectile assembly 388 g. It is foreseen that this round will replace the APDS-T round, reaching a growth potential of approximately 25 per cent on penetration. AHEAD See following entry. Rh 503 ammunition See separate entry under Tank and Anti-tank Guns section. Authorised fuzes See text Equivalent rounds CANADA CANADA Manufacturer SNC TEC Type: HE-I C123, TP-T C122 Description: Standard specifications. AHEAD and Break-up ammunition also manufactured (see separate entries). CHINA , PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC Manufacturer China North Industries (NORINCO) Type: HE-I, HE-I-T, TP-T Description: Intended primarily for the NORINCO Twin 35 mm Towed AA Gun System, a locally produced version of the Oerlikon Contraves GDF-002 , these rounds are dimensionally and ballistically identical to their Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec AG equivalents. The delayed action PD nose fuze for the HE-I and HE-I-T is given as the KZD338. The production status of these rounds is uncertain. FINLAND Manufacturer Patria Vammas Oy Type: HEI, HEI-T, TP, TP-T. SRTP-T Description: Standard specifications. Produced by Vammas Defencetec Ltd FRANCE Manufacturer Giat Industries Type: HE-I/SD, HE-I-T/SD, SAPHEI-T, TP, TP-T, TP-T/SR Description: Projectiles containing explosive fuzed with PD MR3501 (HE-I) or BD MR3505 (SAPHEI). TP-T/SR is a Short Range Target Practice tracer round. Otherwise standard specifications GERMANY Manufacturer Diehl-Wehrtechnik Type: DM 31 MP Description: Fitted with DM 821 base fuze. Muzzle velocity is 1,180 m/s Manufacturer Diehl-Wehrtechnik Type: Ammunition for TPGID Description: See separate entry Manufacturer Rheinmetall DeTec AG Type: HETF and APFSDS-T Description: For use with Rheinmetall MK 35/50 Rh 503. For details see separate entry Manufacturer Rheinmetall DeTec AG Type: FAPDS DM 33 Description: For details see separate entry Manufacturer Mauser-Werke Type: FAPDS Description: See separate entry GREECE Manufacturer PYRKAL: Greek Powder & Cartridge Company Type: HE-I, HE-I-T, TP, TP-T Description: Standard specifications IRAN Manufacturer Defence Industries Organisation, Ammunition Group Type: HE Description: Standard specifications. TP may also be produced KOREA, SOUTH Manufacturer Daewoo Corporation Type: HE-I, TP-T Description: Standard specifications Manufacturer Poongsan Corporation Type: HEI-SD K202 KA1, TP-T K203 Description: Some slight differences from original to suit local production facilities. For instance a steel K2 case is used together with a K603 primer. The nose fuze is a PD K504KA1 (M504A1). Otherwise standard specifications NETHERLANDS Manufacturer Eurometaal NV Type: HE-I-T, APHE, TP-T Description: Standard specifications. Now part of Rheinmetall DeTec but Eurometaal stocks still widely held. PAKISTAN Manufacturer Pakistan Ordnance Factories Type: HE-I, HE-I-T, SAPHEI-T, TP, TP-T Description: Standard specifications SOUTH AFRICA Manufacturer PMP Type: HE-I, TP-T Description: Standard specifications. Marketed by Denel. See also separate entry for details of PMP 35 × 228 mm new generation ammunition SPAIN Manufacturer DEFEX SA Type: HE-T, TP-T Description: Standard specifications Manufacturer SANTA BARBARA SA Type: HE-I, SAPHEI-T, TP-T Description: Standard specifications SWITZERLAND Manufacturer Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec AG Type: See text Description: See text Manufacturer Oerlikon Contraves Pyrotec AG Type: 35 mm Break-Up Description: See separate entry TURKEY Manufacturer Makina ve Kimya Endüstrisi Kumuru ( MKEK ) Type: HE-I, TP-T Description: Standard specifications. TP-T also used with the MKEK 35 mm barrel insert system for tank gunnery training. UNITED KINGDOM Manufacturer BAE Systems , RO Defence Type: Clip fed; HE-I, HE-I-T, SAPHEI, APDS, TP-T; belt fed; TP Description: Standard specifications UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Manufacturer Alliant Techsystems (ATK) Type: APFSDS-T, HEI, TP, TPDS-T Description: Developed for possible use in the 35/50 mm Bushmaster III gun for the Bradley IFV mid-life improvement programme. The APFSDS-T has an MV of 1,400 m/s with a projectile weight of 365 g. The HEI has an MV of 1,175 m/s with a 550 g projectile containing 112 g of explosive; the nose fuze could be the PD M760 . The TP matches the HEI ballistically but is inert. The final form of the TPDS-T is under considerationЧитати далі
POONGSAN CORPORATION
POONGSAN CORPORATION
0.303 British
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
Egypt
0.303 British
Synonyms 7.7 × 56R; 0.303 Lee-Enfield; 7.7 Arisaka; 7 mm Type 89 Armament All British service Lee-Enfield rifles, Vickers, Maxim, and Bren machine guns, modified Browning M1919 and M2 machine guns. Development One of the earliest small calibre rifle rounds, this appeared in 1889 and remained the standard British service round until replaced by the 7.62 × 51 mm NATO cartridge in the 1960s. A powerful round, its sole defect was its rim, which complicated the design of automatic weapons and demanded care in loading magazines. Innumerable variations in cartridge and bullet design took place during its life, but the final standard ball rounds were the Mks 7, 7Z, 8 and 8Z. The 0.303 British cartridge was adopted by the Japanese Navy in 1929 as the Type 89 to replace the 6.5 × 50SR mm round then in use, but they subsequently considered that the rimmed design might cause feeding problems and so changed to the 7.7 × 58SR mm design. They later changed again, this time to the 7.7 × 58 mm rimless cartridge, thus creating a logistics nightmare of no less than three different 7.7 mm cartridges. Description A rimmed, bottlenecked brass case with Berdan or Boxer primer. The 0.303 bullet was a compound design using a core of part lead and part aluminium in order to obtain the correct centre of mass, in a copper, gilding metal or GMCS jacket. The round was most usually loaded with Cordite propellant, but nitro-cellulose propellants gradually appeared; these all have the Mark number followed by the letter Z. The propellant makes no difference to the shooting, but is indicated for storage and accounting purposes. CANADA Manufacturer SNC Industrial Technologies Inc Type: Ball CDN Mk 8: FMJ; 11.4 g; MV 730 m/s EGYPT Manufacturer Aboukir Engineering Industries Type: Ball: FMJ, non-streamlined; MV 720 m/s GREECE Manufacturer PYRKAL: Greek Powder & Cartridge Company Type: Ball: FMJ; 11.3 g; MV 732 m/s INDIA Manufacturer Ammunition Factory, Khadki, Pune Type: Ball: FMJ; Cartridge, 0.303 Ballistite Mark 1Z: bulletless cartridge used to discharge 36M rifle grenade to a range of 185 m; a 7.62 mm version is also made. Loaded with double base propellant. Blank: crimped mouth; contains double base propellant PAKISTAN Manufacturer Pakistan Ordnance Factories Type: Ball Mk 7: FMJ; 11.2 g; MV 732 (±12) m/s PORTUGAL Manufacturer INDEP Type: Ball M378: FMJ; lead/aluminium core; 11.3 g; MV 780 m/s; Berdan primed Ball: FMJ; lead/aluminium core; 11.3 g; MV 780 m/s; Boxer primed SOUTH AFRICA Manufacturer PMP , A Division of Denel (Pty) Ltd Type: Bullet type Soft Point; weight 9.7 g; V 5 800 m/s Type: Bullet type FMJBT; weight 11.3 g; V 5 747 m/s Type: Bullet type Soft Point; weight 11.3 g; V 5 747 m/s SWEDEN Manufacturer Norma AB Type: Ball 17712: JSP; 9.7 g; MV 829 m/s UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Manufacturer Eldorado Cartridge Corp (PMC Ammunition) Type: Ball: FMJ; 11.2 g; MV 739 m/s Ball Match: HPBT; 11.2 g; MV 739 m/s Manufacturer Remington Arms Company Inc Type: Ball: SP; 11.7 g; MV 750 m/s Manufacturer Winchester-Olin Type: Ball: JSP; 11.6 g; MV 750 m/s YUGOSLAVIA , FEDERAL REPUBLIC Manufacturer Yugoimport SDPR Type: Ball Mk 7Z: FMJ; 11.27 g; MV 732 m/s Ball Mk 8Z: FMJ, SL; 12.4 g; MV 732 m/s Ball: FMJ; 11.3 g; MV 749 m/s Ball: FMJ; 12.4 g; MV 748 m/s Ball: JSP; 11.7 g; MV 748 m/sЧитати далі
Ammunition for Russian Federation and Associated States (CIS) 57 mm anti-aircraft guns
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
Egypt
Ammunition for Russian Federation and Associated States (CIS) 57 mm anti-aircraft guns
Armament 57 mm automatic anti-aircraft gun S-60 ; 57 mm automatic anti-aircraft gun SZ-60; NORINCO Type 59 anti-aircraft gun. NORINCO 57 mm Type 59 naval mounting; Type 66 twin-barrel naval mounting; Type 76 twin-barrel naval mounting. S-68 gun on ZSU-57-2 twin 57 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun system; NORINCO Type 80 twin 57 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun system. Development The 57 mm anti-aircraft gun S-60 first appeared in 1960 and has remained in widespread service ever since, usually with the later benefit of added radar-based fire-control systems. The most commonly used ammunition for these guns is usually of the FRAG-T type although armour-piercing ammunition has been developed. The 57 mm S-60 and its ammunition have been produced in China , where the gun is known as the Type 59; naval variants have been developed by NORINCO. The S-60 has also been manufactured (with some slight variations) in Hungary , where it is known as the 57 mm SZ-60, and it is assumed that ammunition has also been produced there. However, no information is available. S-60 ammunition was at one time produced in the former Czechoslovakia. It appears that 57 mm air defence ammunition is no longer in production within Russia . Description The 57 × 348 mm ammunition for the S-60 anti-aircraft gun series is fixed, with the projectile rigidly crimped to the cartridge case by two crimping bands engaging into two prominent cannelures on the projectile. The slightly tapered forged steel projectiles use a wide pressed copper or cupro-nickel driving band (over 26 mm wide) with a complex indented outline. The cartridge cases are lacquered steel or drawn 70:30 brass and use a KV-U or KV-5U (KB-5Y) base-mounted percussion primer to ignite their 11/7SW or 14/7 nitrocellulose powder propellant contents weighing 1.18 to 2 kg (nominal). Rounds are fed into the gun in clips, each holding four rounds. All projectiles have a muzzle velocity of around 1,000 m/s. The main types are as follows: FRAG-T, UOR-281 and UOR-281U These two rounds use OR-281 or OR-281U forged steel projectiles which are virtually identical apart from variations in the shape of their ogives. The OR-281U ogive is more rounded and the walls are thicker producing increased fragmentation. The explosive filling on both types of projectile is A-IX-2 (RDX/Aluminium), with the OR-281 containing 168 g and the OR-281U 154 g (both weights are nominal). The OR-281 projectile weighs 2.81 kg and the OR-281U weighs 2.85 kg. Both projectiles can use either an MG-57 or MGZ-57 point detonating fuze threaded into the nose. Both types of fuze, which are made of steel, weigh 316 g and have a self-destruct mechanism which operates between 13 and 17 seconds after firing. A protruding tracer element housing (burn time is a minimum of 10 seconds) is threaded into the base of each projectile. APC-T, BR-281 and BR-281U These two armour-piercing projectiles are virtually identical with the BR-281U differing from the BR-281 only in the type of steel used for the armour-piercing body. Both projectiles have relatively short rounded ogives covered by a pressed-on light steel ballistic cap to preserve the ballistic outline. Both use an MD-10 base detonating fuze (delay time 0.005 second) to ignite the explosive payload which is 13 to 20 g of A-IX-2 (RDX/Aluminium), enhancing behind-armour effects (the BR-281U contains 10 g). The rear of each projectile also houses a protruding No 22 tracer housing which is threaded into the base; the tracer burns for a minimum of 2 seconds. Both types of projectile weigh 2.82 kg. Both types of round have an increased load of 14/7 propellant weighing between 1.45 and 1.54 kg. Both projectiles can penetrate 96 mm of armour set at 0º obliquity at 1,000 m. At 500 m the penetration is 106 mm. TP-T, UOR-281U Carrying a nose-mounted MG-57 ZAST dummy fuze, this training round weighs 6 kg complete with an inert projectile weighing 2.8 kg. Recoil cartridge, WBK-81 This round is intended to provide a recoil force for the testing and maintenance of gun recoil systems and consists of a standard sized cartridge case containing a sealed package containing water to produce the mass to provide the required recoil. The round/cartridge case weighs 3.5 kg complete, of which 1.07 kg is the Nc7p 8, 7/14-11/7 propellant charge. When the round is fired the water payload emerges from the muzzle in a fine mist, so this round can be fired over restricted ranges or areas without risk of harm to personnel or structures. Blank, MK-281 This Blank round is contained in a truncated 57 mm cartridge case and weighs 3 kg complete. The sound and flash producing filling is 560 g of Nctp 1, 2X0, 4/1,2-KF. Authorised fuzes PD MG57, MGZ-57. BD MD-10 Equivalent rounds BULGARIA Marketed by Kintex Type: FRAG-T, UOR-281 or UOR-281U Description: Fitted with MG-57 or MGZ-57 PD fuze. May be produced with the option of a brass or steel cartridge case. Complete round weight given as 6.35 kg and length of complete round 535 mm. Production as required BULGARIA Manufacturer DUNARIT JSCo Type: FRAG-T Description: Appears to be similar to OUR-281 or UOR-281Z. Projectile weight 2.8 kg and muzzle velocity 1,000 m/s CHINA , PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC Manufacturer China North Industries (NORINCO) Type: HE-T, AP-T Description: HE-T has virtually identical specifications to 57 mm FRAG-T OR-281U. Uses Liu-2 PD fuze. AP-T complete round weighs 6.45 kg and is 537 mm long. A special HE-T is produced specifically for the 57 mm Type 76 water-cooled, twin-barrel naval gun; weight is 7.4 kg (complete round) and length overall 591 mm. Maximum range is 15,000 m; MV 1,000 m/s EGYPT Manufacturer Heliopolis Company for Chemical Industries Type: HE-T, AP-T Description: Weight of complete round given as 6.309 kg and projectile weight as 3.309 kg. Filling is 153 g of Hexal MACEDONIA Manufacturer EUROINVEST Type: HE-T M66 Description: Intended primarily for 57 mm S-68 guns carried on ZSU-57-2 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun system. Equates to FRAG-T OR-281U. Standard specifications. ROMANIA Manufacturer SN ROMARM SA Type: Cartridge cases Description: Brass, standard specifications. Production may include complete rounds but no information available. YUGOSLAVIA , FEDERAL REPUBLIC Manufacturer Yugoimport SDPR Type: HE-T, HE Description: May no longer be in production. Equivalent to FRAG-T OR-281U, with or without a tracer elementЧитати далі
73 mm ammunition for 2A28 gun
Боєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєнняБоєприпаси, ракети та високоточне озброєння
Bulgaria
73 mm ammunition for 2A28 gun
Armament 2A28 Grom gun on BMP-1 IFV; BPTU-73 towed anti-tank gun ( Bulgaria ). Development There are two basic natures of round for the 73 mm 2A28 Grom gun mounted in the turret of the BMP-1 IFV; HEAT-FS and FRAG-HE. The HEAT-FS is derived from the PG-9V projectile used with the towed 73 mm SPG-9 recoilless gun (see following entry) while the FRAG-HE is a derivative of the OG-9V projectile used with the same gun. For the 2A28 Grom gun a stub cartridge case is added to the tail of the projectile to propel it from the barrel. Once the projectile is clear of the muzzle a rocket motor cuts in on the HEAT-FS to propel it towards the target. Sweden has adopted the 2A28 gun as the main armament of BMP-1 (Pbv-501) IFVs procured from former East German stocks. The ammunition for these guns is understood to have been taken from former East German stockpiles and has undergone an upgrade programme within Sweden - see under Description for details . The Bulgarian BPTU-73 towed anti-tank gun consists of the 2A28 Grom gun mounted on a modified 23 mm ZPU-23 twin-barrelled air defence gun carriage. Description The main round fired from the 73 mm 2A28 Grom gun is the HEAT-FS PG-15V or PG-15VN with, respectively, the HEAT-FS PG-9 or PG15, and PG-9N or PG-15N rocket projectile. It would appear that 73 mm rounds produced in Bulgaria continue to utilise the original SPG-9 derived projectiles with the 2A28 gun. The projectiles differ in the warhead explosive employed. The PG-9/PG15 has a Hexogen A-IX-1 (RDX:Wax) shaped charge weighing 332 g while the PG-9N/PG-15N has 340 g of the more powerful OKFOL-3.5 (95 per cent HME:5 per cent Wax). The rocket motor employed on both projectiles weighs 1.56 kg and is 380 mm long, containing 460 g of NDSI-2K propellant. In both cases the rocket motor is ignited after firing by a VPZ-9M pyrotechnic delay weighing 35 g. Once the projectile leaves the muzzle it is stabilised by six spring-loaded forward-folding fins. On target, the shaped warhead is initiated by a VP-9 piezoelectric point impact fuze via an igniter in the base of the shaped charge. The PG-15 warhead can penetrate 300 mm of armour while the PG-15N can penetrate 400 mm. Maximum range of both projectiles is 1,300 m while the direct fire range at a target 2 m high is 800 m. Muzzle velocity in both cases is 400 m/s, increasing to between 680 and 700 m/s after the rocket motor ignites. Also available is the 73 mm HEAT-FS PG-15VNT with the PG-15NT rocket projectile. This round is effective against Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA) as it has tandem warheads actuated by a VP-9 piezoelectric point impact fuze. Warhead performance is stated to be 550 mm of RHA with behind-armour effects; 400 mm of armour behind ERA; 1 m of reinforced concrete or brick; and 1.8 m of logs and earth. Maximum effective range is 700 m while maximum range is 1,200 m; initial velocity is 400 m/s. A complete round weighs 3.2 kg and overall length is 920 mm. The span of the fully opened guidance fins is 190 mm. In order to allow the PG-15 rounds imported from former East German stocks to meet Swedish handling, transport and other safety requirements, Nammo LIAB AB undertook an update programme on all stocks of 73 mm ammunition. This involved replacing the ignition system for the sustainer rocket motor and the safety and arming system. At the same time, the propellant was replaced to extend the storage life of the rounds. NAMMO LIAB is also developing an enhanced anti-armour warhead for the PG-15 round. A minimum penetration performance of 450 mm has been mentioned . The charge used to propel projectiles from the 2A28 barrel is the 4BN34 (also written as BN34) contained in a steel cartridge case 102 mm long and weighing 875 g; the case alone weighs 390 g. The rimmed stub case (flange diameter 83 mm with mouth internal diameter 63 mm) is crimped onto the projectile tail and contains a perforated disc which creates a high/low-pressure situation to impart a low-pressure impulse to launch the projectile and initiate the VPZ-9M pyrotechnic delay train for the rocket motor. The case is made of BW 11 steel. By contrast, the basic 73 mm FRAG-HE rounds, a later development, do not have a rocket motor. There are two basic types of FRAG-HE round, the OG-15V and OG-15VM, differing only in the weight and type of explosive in the 309 mm long cast-iron warhead on the projectile. The OG-15 FRAG-HE projectile warhead used with the OG-15V round contains 753 g of TNT while the OG-15M projectile used with the OG-15VM round contains 655 g of TD-50 (TNT/dinitronaphthalene). In both cases the explosive is ignited by a nose-mounted GO-2 or O-4M point detonating fuze. Flight stabilisation is provided by six fixed fins on the end of a perforated steel tailboom which also contains a tracer element. Again, Bulgarian-produced 73 mm rounds intended for use with the 2A28 gun continue to employ the OG-9 and OG-9M projectiles but overall performance is the same as the OG-15/OG-15M equivalents. Two further 73 mm FRAG-HE rounds, which may be purely Bulgarian developments, are the OG-15BG and OG-15BG1, with OG-9G and OG-9G1 projectiles respectively. On early production examples, the usual streamlined outline of the 750 g explosive warhead is replaced by a cylinder with serrated wire rings around the explosive to enhance fragmentation, although late production variants do have a more pointed nose profile and fragmentation is augmented by the inclusion of 1,200 2 g metal pellets. The point detonating fuze employed is the O-4M in both cases. The OG-15BG (weight 6 kg) has a muzzle velocity of 230 m/s and a maximum range of 7,500 m. The OG-15BG1 round (weight 4.57 kg) has a muzzle velocity of 316 m/s and a maximum range of 4,200 m. The direct fire ranges are 400 m and 350 m respectively. The OG-15 and OG-15M FRAG-HE projectiles are propelled by a 4BN41 charge, weighing 890 g, in a steel stub cartridge case crimped onto the projectile tail. The muzzle velocity is 290 m/s and maximum possible range is given as 4,500 m; operational ranges are much shorter than that as the projectile trajectory is prone to be influenced by even light side winds. Under development by Nammo LIAB of Sweden is a HE-FRAG warhead, with the fragmentation effects augmented by a layer of steel balls. Also under development is an improved rocket motor providing an extended range of 2,000 m . Policské Strojirny (PS) of the Czech Republic produces a 73 mm Blank round for training purposes. The round is loaded in the same manner as a conventional round and projects a blunt-nosed projectile to approximately 100 m from the gun muzzle where it detonates and breaks up to produce simulated gunfire sounds. The Blank round is known as the 73PG-15V-Cv or simply as the PG-15V. Authorised fuzes HEAT-FS - PIBD VP-9 FRAG-HE - PD GO-2 or OM-4M Equivalent rounds BULGARIA BULGARIA Manufacturer Arsenal Type: 73 mm HEAT-FS, FRAG-HE Description: Standard specifications - see text. Also produced at one time was a variant of the OG-15VB FRAG-HE which contained 990 prefragmented pellets around the TNT explosive filling. Weight of the Bulgarian OG-15VB variant is 4 kg Manufacturer Vazov Engineering Plants Type: HEAT-FS PG-15V, PG-15VN, PG-15NT; FRAG-HE OG-15V, OG-15VM, OG-15BG, OG-15BG1 Description: See text Manufacturer Vazovski Machinostroitelni Zavodi Type: HEAT-FS PG-9, PG-9N; FRAG-HE OG-9, OG9M Description: Standard specifications, see text CZECH REPUBLIC Manufacturer Caliber Prague Ltd Type: HEAT-FS PG-15VN, FRAG-HE OG-15VN Description: Standard specifications, see text Manufacturer Policské Strojirny (PS) Type: TP PG-15V Description: Inert warhead for practice firing - see also text ROMANIA Manufacturer SN ROMARM SA Type: 73 mm HEAT-FS, FRAG-HE Description: May no longer be in series production. One version of the two types of FRAG-HE utilises a cast mortar bomb body design for the warhead SWEDEN Manufacturer Nammo LIAB Type: 73 mm HEAT-FS, FRAG-HE Description: See text .Читати далі
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