Name: Cartridge, 105 mm: HE M1
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<h2>Armament</h2><p>M101/M101A1, M102 (towed) and M108 (self-propelled) howitzers; Otobreda 105/14 Pack Howitzer (L5); RO Defence L119/M119A1 Towed Howitzer; Howitzer, Light, Towed: 105 mm KH178 ( South Korea ); Giat Industries LG1 Mk I and Mk II Light Gun and M101A1 Modernised (France); Type 75 self-propelled howitzer ( Japan ); NDSB SAKTI 105 mm Light Gun ( Malaysia ); RDM 105 mm M101/33 (Netherlands); 105 mm m/26 (Spain); T64 105 mm Howitzer ( Taiwan ); M101 Modified (Germany); 105 mm Howitzer M56 and M18/61 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ).</p><h2>Development</h2><p>The 105 mm Cartridge HE M1 is one of the oldest serving of all modern artillery rounds, as its origins can be traced back to the Westervelt Board convened by the USA in 1919 to report on the lessons of the Great War. The advisory board recommended the development of a 105 mm howitzer, later accepted for service as the M1 in 1928. After further development the 105 mm M1 howitzer reached the M2 stage which was accepted for mass production along with an associated round, the HE M1. When the M2 howitzer was later redesignated the M101 , the HE round remained the M1. The 105 mm HE M1 served the US armed forces from 1941 onwards and is still in service with them, their latest weapon procured to fire the 105 mm HE M1 being the Royal Ordnance (now BAE Systems , RO Defence) M119A1 Towed Howitzer. The 105 mm HE M1 continues to serve with many other nations and is still widely produced, having attained the distinction of virtually becoming the `standard' 105 mm HE round. Metal parts for US 105 mm HE M1 projectiles are manufactured at the Scranton Army Ammunition Plant operated by Chamberlain Manufacturing. The UK service designation for the 105 mm HE M1 when fired from L119 Light Guns is Round, 105 mm, How, HE L41A2. The M1 (Mod) round for the USAF is made by converting standard M1 rounds under contract from the US Army Operations Support Command. In October 2001 the Army announced a requirement for the conversion of 49,998 rounds.</p><h2>Description</h2><p>The 105 mm Cartridge HE M1 is a semi-fixed round with the projectile being a free fit in the cartridge case to allow free access to the propellant increments inside the case. The projectile is a hollow high-tensile steel forging with a boat-tailed base and a welded base cover, a streamlined ogive and a single gilding metal driving band. The projectile may have either a normal or deep cavity, formed or drilled into the explosive filling beneath the fuze well to accept whatever fuze is to be employed. For example a deep cavity projectile for long intrusion fuzes may be loaded with 2.087 kg of Composition B or 1.93 kg of cast TNT, plus a supplementary charge consisting of 136 g of TNT pressed into an aluminium liner found below the nose-located fuze well. Shells have been filled with RDX/WX6 or RDX/WX8. Normal cavity projectiles are packed either with a fuze or a closing plug in place of a fuze. Deep cavity projectiles may be packed with the supplementary charge and a fuze, the supplementary charge and a closing plug, or with a closing plug only. A groundburst detonation of a 105 mm HE M1 projectile will result in a lethal area covering from 288 to 290 m 2 . The cartridge case is of the M14 type. The standard M14 is manufactured using 70:30 brass but other materials have been used and may still be encountered; for instance the M14B1 used copper-plated drawn steel while the M14B4 is a three-piece spiral wrapped lacquered steel case. The base-mounted percussion primer is pressed into place and may be one of several types including the M1B1A2, M28A2 (brass), M28B2 (steel) or M1A2 . The primers most commonly encountered are the M28A2 (containing 150 g of black powder) and the M28B2 (122.5 g). The cartridge case contains the M67 propelling charge. This consists of seven M1 dualgrain propellant increments packed in individually numbered cloth bags, threaded together in numerical order on a length of silk or acrylic twine. (Older types of charges used single-granulation M1 propellant). Before loading, the required increments are arranged inside the case with the No 1 increment, the base charge, at the bottom and the No 7 increment located towards the case mouth. The others are arranged around the walls of the case and around the primer tube. Charge 1 is the base charge consisting of 238.42 g of propellant M1 (small size). Charge 2 consists of Charge 1 plus a 41.11 g increment of propellant M1 (small size). Nominal charge weight is 279.53 g. Charge 3 consists of Charge 2 plus a 70.87 g increment of propellant M1 (large size). Nominal charge weight is 350.4 g. Charge 4 consists of Charge 3 plus a 96.39 g increment of propellant M1 (large size). Nominal charge weight is 446.79 g. Charge 5 consists of Charge 4 plus a 153.09 g increment of propellant M1 (large size) and a sheet of lead which functions as a decoppering agent. Nominal charge weight is 599.88 g. Charge 6 consists of Charge 5 plus a 243.81 g increment of propellant M1 (large size). Nominal charge weight is 843.69 g. Charge 7 consists of Charge 6 plus a 369.89 g increment of propellant M1 (large size). Total nominal charge weight is then 1.241 kg. Ballistic data for the 105 mm HE M1 when fired from M101/M101A1 howitzers is as follows: Charge 1 - MV 198.1 m/s - max range 3,510 m Charge 2 - MV 216.4 m/s - max range 4,110 m Charge 3 - MV 237.7 m/s - max range 4,860 m Charge 4 - MV 266.7 m/s - max range 5,950 m Charge 5 - MV 310.9 m/s - max range 7,650 m Charge 6 - MV 376.4 m/s - max range 9,380 m Charge 7 - MV 472.4 m/s - max range 11,270 m. Ballistic data for the 105 mm HE M1 when fired from M102 howitzers is as follows: Charge 1 - MV 205 m/s - max range 3,700 m Charge 2 - MV 223 m/s - max range 4,300 m Charge 3 - MV 247 m/s - max range 5,200 m Charge 4 - MV 278 m/s - max range 6,300 m Charge 5 - MV 325 m/s - max range 8,100 m Charge 6 - MV 393 m/s - max range 9,600 m Charge 7 - MV 494 m/s - max range 11,500 m. Range data for the L119/M119A1 Towed Howitzer when firing the 105 mm HE M1 is as follows: Charge 1 - range 1,800 to 3,400 m Charge 2 - range 2,100 to 4,100 m Charge 3 - range 2,600 to 4,800 m Charge 4 - range 4,100 to 6,300 m Charge 5 - range 4,200 to 7,900 m Charge 6 - range 5,000 to 9,500 m Charge 7 - range 6,200 to 11,500 m. The training round used most commonly as the equivalent to the 105 mm HE M1 is the Cartridge, 105 mm, TP, M67. The projectile used with this round (which is painted blue) contains 1.76 kg of an inert explosive substitute and is fitted with a dummy fuze. The complete round weighs 16.81 kg and the maximum muzzle velocity is 381 m/s. A TP-T version of the M67 has been produced. A completely inert drill round is known as the Cartridge, 105 mm: Dummy, M14 . It cannot be fired and is fitted with a PD Dummy M59 fuze. RO Defence produce Shell, 105 mm, How, Practice Flash Indicating RO 37-05 for practice firing as the equivalent of the HE M1 projectile. The RO 37-05 is hollow and uses a Flash Indicator Unit B118 in the base to produce flash and smoke for spotting purposes on impact. See separate entry for details. The M1 (Mod) round is created by reworking M1 rounds in the US Army inventory for use in USAF AC-130 gunships. The M14B4 cartridge case is removed and replaced by an M14 brass case, propellant replaced as needed after inspection and an FMU-153/B PD/delay fuze installed.</p><h2>Authorised fuzes</h2><p>The following are for use with M101/M101A1, M102 (towed) and M108 (self-propelled) howitzers: PD - M51A5, M78 series, M439, M508 series, M535, M557, M739 MTSQ - M520 series, M500 series, M564, M582 Prox - M513 series, M728 (both require removal of the supplementary charge, if present, and cannot be fired using Charge 7), M732 The M1 (Mod) round used in AC-130 gunships employs the FMU-153/B PD/delay fuze. Equivalent rounds ARGENTINA</p><p>ARGENTINA</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Direccion General de Fabricaciones Militares</p><p>Type: Explosivo de Fragmentacion (EF)</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications. Used with Otobreda 105/14 Pack Howitzer</p><p>AUSTRALIA</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Office of Defence Production</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications. Used with Otobreda 105/14 Pack Howitzer</p><p>BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Ministry of Defence, Department of Defence Industry</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications.</p><p>BRAZIL</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>ENGEQUÌMICA</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1 CTG MD1 (brass case) and MD1A1 (steel case)</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>FI Indústria e Comércio Ltda</p><p>Type: HE M1</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications. Produced with both M14 and M14B4 cartridge cases. Can be</p><p>supplied fitted with PD M557 fuze</p><p>CANADA</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>SNC Industrial Technologies Inc (SNC TEC)</p><p>Type: Cartridge 105 mm HE M1</p><p>Description: Overall, same as HE M1 but supplementary charge is 140 g of Composition A-3. Primer is</p><p>M28</p><p>CHILE</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>FAMAE</p><p>Type: Municion de Artilleria Cal 105 mm (HE M1)</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications. Supplied fitted with PD M557 or M739 fuze. A base-bleed</p><p>version is reported to be under development</p><p>CHINA , PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>China North Industries (NORINCO)</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE</p><p>Description: Projectile weight given as 18.12 kg with length 789 mm. Filled with 2.31 kg of</p><p>Composition B or 2.18 kg of TNT. Muzzle velocity 494 m/s. May be fitted with standard NATO fuzes.</p><p>No other information available although stated to be compatible with standard NATO howitzers</p><p>FRANCE</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Giat Industries</p><p>Type: HE M1</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications. M67 charge system also produced</p><p>GREECE</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Hellenic Arms Industry (EBO)</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>PYRKAL: Greek Powder & Cartridge Company</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications. Filled with 2.09 kg of cast TNT and issued with PD M557</p><p>fuze fitted</p><p>IRAN</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Defence Industries Organisation, Ammunition Group</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE</p><p>Description: Fitted with PD M55A5 or M557 fuze. Standard US specifications</p><p>IRAQ</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>State factories</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE (semi-fixed)</p><p>Description: Believed to be HE M1. May no longer be in production</p><p>ISRAEL</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Israel Military Industries ( IMI ) Type: 105 mm HE M1 Description: Standard US specifications. Supplied fitted with PD M557 or PD M739 fuze. M67 propelling charge also produced ITALY</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Simmel Difesa SpA</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications, although projectile weight given as 15 kg</p><p>KOREA, SOUTH</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Daewoo Corporation</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Korea Explosives Company</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Poongsan Corporation</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications. Supplied fitted with M557 fuze</p><p>MALAYSIA</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>SME Ordnance Sdn Bhd</p><p>Type: Round 105 mm HE M1 PH</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications. Fitted with PD M739 fuze. Produced for licence-produced</p><p>NDSB SAKTI 105 mm Light Gun (equivalent to Royal Ordnance L119/M119A1)</p><p>NETHERLANDS</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Eurometaal NV</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE</p><p>Description: Stated to be equivalent to 105 mm HE M1. Extended range ERM1 also available - see</p><p>separate entry</p><p>PAKISTAN</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Pakistan Ordnance Factories</p><p>Type: 105 mm Howitzer HE</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications. Fitted with PD M557 fuze. Complete rounds weight given as</p><p>19.07 kg and filled with 2.13 kg of TNT</p><p>PORTUGAL</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Explosivos da Trafaria SA</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>INDEP - Industrias Nacionais de Defesa</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1</p><p>Description: Delivered with PD M557 fuze installed but may also be encountered with PD M51A5 or</p><p>M739. Also available with MTSQ M520A1 or M564. Complete round weight given as 19.02 kg filled</p><p>with 2.2 kg of TNT</p><p>SPAIN</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Barreiros Hermanos Internacional SA</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>EXPAL SA</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications. Filled with Composition B or TNT. Available with PD M557</p><p>or M739 fuzes. 105 mm ER HPER (High-Performance Extended Range) projectile also available - see</p><p>separate entry</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>FOREX SA</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>SANTA BARBARA SA</p><p>Type: 105 mm Howitzer HE</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications</p><p>TAIWAN</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Hsing-Hua Company Ltd</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications</p><p>TURKEY</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Makina ve Kimya Endüstrisi Kurumu ( MKEK )</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1 Mermisi</p><p>Description: Standard US specifications. Filled with 1.982 kg TNT. Offered fitted with PD M51A5 or</p><p>M557 fuze or unspecified Proximity fuze.</p><p>UNITED KINGDOM</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>BAE Systems , RO Defence</p><p>Type: Round 105 mm How HE Training L65</p><p>Description: Equivalent to the 105 mm HE M1, intended for low cost training and firing from 105 mm</p><p>Light Gun L119 and M101 33 - or 34-calibre upgraded guns. It contains 2.2 kg of RDX/TNT. Maximum range when fired from the L119 using Increment 6 is 9,400 m UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Scranton Army Ammunition Plant</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1</p><p>Description: Standard specifications</p><p>YUGOSLAVIA , FEDERAL REPUBLIC</p><h2>Manufacturer</h2><p>Yugoimport SDPR</p><p>Type: 105 mm HE M1</p><p>Description: Essentially the same as HE M1. For 105 mm M56 howitzer, from which it is fired using a</p><p>seven-charge propellant system plus a Super Charge. Maximum muzzle velocity is 570 m/s and</p><p>maximum range 13,000 m. May no longer be in production</p>

The 105 mm Cartridge HE M1 is a semi-fixed round with the projectile being a free fit in the cartridge case to allow free access to the propellant increments inside the case. The projectile is a hollow high-tensile steel forging with a boat-tailed base and a welded base cover, a streamlined ogive and a single gilding metal driving band. The projectile may have either a normal or deep cavity, formed or drilled into the explosive filling beneath the fuze well to accept whatever fuze is to be employed. For example a deep cavity projectile for long intrusion fuzes may be loaded with 2.087 kg of Composition B or 1.93 kg of cast TNT, plus a supplementary charge consisting of 136 g of TNT pressed into an aluminium liner found below the nose-located fuze well. Shells have been filled with RDX/WX6 or RDX/WX8. Normal cavity projectiles are packed either with a fuze or a closing plug in place of a fuze. Deep cavity projectiles may be packed with the supplementary charge and a fuze, the supplementary charge and a closing plug, or with a closing plug only. A groundburst detonation of a 105 mm HE M1 projectile will result in a lethal area covering from 288 to 290 m 2. The cartridge case is of the M14 type.

Charge 4 consists of Charge 3 plus a 96.39 g increment of propellant M1 (large size). Nominal charge weight is 446.79 g. Charge 5 consists of Charge 4 plus a 153.09 g increment of propellant M1 (large size) and a sheet of lead which functions as a decoppering agent. Nominal charge weight is 599.88 g. Charge 6 consists of Charge 5 plus a 243.81 g increment of propellant M1 (large size). Nominal charge weight is 843.69 g. Charge 7 consists of Charge 6 plus a 369.89 g increment of propellant M1 (large size). Total nominal charge weight is then 1.241 kg.

In over a hundred years of continued operation, Simmel Difesa acquired comprehensive knowledge and expertise in the ammunition business, combining the experience of famous European players into a modern and agile company.
Today, Simmel Difesa supplies medium and large calibre ammunition to more than 40 countries worldwide.
Over the time, the company developed its know-how in all ammunition components, from propellants and explosives to metal parts and fuses. Thanks to its experience, Simmel Difesa is able to optimize the components’ integration in order to conceive first-class products.
Simmel Difesa gained a reputation as a leader in naval ammunition, and is now – after decades of successful cooperation – the preferred supplier for Oto-Melara guns. Its in-house capability to design and manufacture advanced proximity fuses led Simmel Difesa to become a world leader on the air defense ammunition market.
Equipped with a powerful and flexible manufacturing infrastructure, and benefitting from the dedication of its highly skilled workforce and a dependable supply chain, Simmel Difesa is able to quickly respond to its customers’ requirements with reliable and high-performance products.

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Cartridge, 105 mm: HE M1

Cartridge, 105 mm: HE M1

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